Plant species change and water budget in restored grasslands in Taibus Banner, Inner Mongolia, China

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00039

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Water is the most constraining factor for implementing the “Grain for Green” project in arid and semiarid steppe regions of China. Our objective was to determine how vegetation and water budget would change following restoration in semiarid grasslands.
Methods Field experiments were conducted in the Farmland and Grassland Ecosystem Observation Station of Beijing Normal University during the growing seasons between 2008 and 2009 in Taibus Banner, located in a typical agro-pastoral zone in Inner Mongolia, northern China. Vegetation composition was studied in six plots representing the natural grasslands (consisting of three separate plots at three sites) and the restored grasslands with two, four and eight years of history, respectively. Three Bowen ratio towers were set up to collect the local meteorological data and to estimate evapotranspiration in each plot. Soil water content was measured using the gravimetric method and soil evaporation was determined by micro-lysimeters with a volume of 200 cm^-3 each.
Important findings In the restored grassland plots, plant community coverage increased but the number of species decreased with time of restoration, and the dominant species were gradually transformed from the annual xeric herbs into perennial xerophytic herbs. Plant transpiration, with maximum values of 4.5 to 5.8 mm·d^-1, consumed most of the water in the restored grasslands, and longer the restoration higher the rate of evapotranspiration. Soil water in the restored grassland plots was 0.09 m³·m^-3 in average, compared with 0.06 m³·m^-3 in the natural grassland plots. The soil water content was found to be greatest at 20 cm depth in the natural grassland plots; whereas it was found to be greatest at 60 cm depth, and decreased with time of restoration, in the restored grassland plots. The water budget was balanced at an annual scale in the restored grassland plots because the evapotranspiration was lower than precipitation, while in the growing season of an extreme dry year when annual precipitation was only 174 mm, the evapotranspiration exceeded the precipitation. In conclusion, our results suggest that restored grasslands are able to use more water for establishing vegetation and increase water use efficiency with time of restoration, but the decreasing trend of soil water content should be paid more attention and monitored more comprehensively.

Key words: ecohydrology, evapotranspiration, semiarid region, soil water, water balance

XIONG Yu-Jiu,QIU Guo-Yu,XIE Fang. Plant species change and water budget in restored grasslands in Taibus Banner, Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2014, 38(5): 425-439.

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2014/V38/I5/425

Figures/Tables 10

References 52

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样地 Plot		土壤特征 Soil properties						样地面积 Plot area (km²)	土地利用历史 Land use history
样地 Plot		深度 Depth (cm)	质地 Texture	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	孔隙度 Porosity (%)	全氮 Total nitro- gen (g·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	样地面积 Plot area (km²)	土地利用历史 Land use history
观测区1 The first experimental site	CG_2y	0-20	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.302	51.05	1.14	25.05	0.342	种植小麦 Wheat cropping
		21-40	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.351	49.40
		41-70	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.402	47.75
		71-100	砂土 Sandy soil	1.476	45.11
	CG_4y	0-20	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.307	50.72	0.99	24.71	0.574	种植小麦 Wheat cropping
		21-40	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.340	49.73
		41-70	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.358	49.07
		71-100	砂土 Sandy soil	1.381	48.41
	NG_1	0-20	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.247	52.70	1.95	34.56	0.848	放牧 Grazing
		21-60	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.595	41.16
		61-100	砂土 Sandy soil	1.583	41.82
观测区2 The second experimental site	NG_3	0-20	砂土 Sandy soil	1.136	56.33	0.97	21.81	2.596	放牧 Grazing
		21-40	砂土 Sandy soil	1.235	53.03
		41-70	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.396	47.75
		71-100	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.432	47.09
观测区3 The third experimental site	CG_8y	0-20	砂土 Sandy soil	1.329	50.06	0.76	12.66	1.08	种植小麦 Wheat cropping
		21-40	砂土 Sandy soil	1.322	50.39
		41-70	砂土 Sandy soil	1.441	46.43
		71-100	砂土 Sandy soil	1.474	45.44
	NG_2	0-20	砂土 Sandy soil	1.378	48.41	1.03	22.39	0.747	放牧 Grazing
		21-40	砂土 Sandy soil	1.412	47.42
		41-70	砂土 Sandy soil	1.341	49.73
		71-100	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.364	49.07

样地 Plot		土壤特征 Soil properties						样地面积 Plot area (km²)	土地利用历史 Land use history
样地 Plot		深度 Depth (cm)	质地 Texture	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	孔隙度 Porosity (%)	全氮 Total nitro- gen (g·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	样地面积 Plot area (km²)	土地利用历史 Land use history
观测区1 The first experimental site	CG_2y	0-20	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.302	51.05	1.14	25.05	0.342	种植小麦 Wheat cropping
		21-40	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.351	49.40
		41-70	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.402	47.75
		71-100	砂土 Sandy soil	1.476	45.11
	CG_4y	0-20	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.307	50.72	0.99	24.71	0.574	种植小麦 Wheat cropping
		21-40	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.340	49.73
		41-70	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.358	49.07
		71-100	砂土 Sandy soil	1.381	48.41
	NG_1	0-20	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.247	52.70	1.95	34.56	0.848	放牧 Grazing
		21-60	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.595	41.16
		61-100	砂土 Sandy soil	1.583	41.82
观测区2 The second experimental site	NG_3	0-20	砂土 Sandy soil	1.136	56.33	0.97	21.81	2.596	放牧 Grazing
		21-40	砂土 Sandy soil	1.235	53.03
		41-70	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.396	47.75
		71-100	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.432	47.09
观测区3 The third experimental site	CG_8y	0-20	砂土 Sandy soil	1.329	50.06	0.76	12.66	1.08	种植小麦 Wheat cropping
		21-40	砂土 Sandy soil	1.322	50.39
		41-70	砂土 Sandy soil	1.441	46.43
		71-100	砂土 Sandy soil	1.474	45.44
	NG_2	0-20	砂土 Sandy soil	1.378	48.41	1.03	22.39	0.747	放牧 Grazing
		21-40	砂土 Sandy soil	1.412	47.42
		41-70	砂土 Sandy soil	1.341	49.73
		71-100	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	1.364	49.07

采样日期 Sampling date (year- month- day)	采样前降水量 Precipitation prior to sampling (mm)
采样日期 Sampling date (year- month- day)	采样前 0天 Zero day before sampling	采样前 1天 One day before sampling	采样前 2天 Two days before sampling	采样前 3天 Three days before sampling	采样前 4天 Four days before sampling	采样前 5天 Five days before sampling
2008-03-02	1.1	0	0	0	0	0
2008-04-18	0	0	0	0	0	0
2008-06-12	0	1.4	4.2	0	0	0
2008-07-08	0	0	0	0	0	0
2008-08-19	0.2	0.6	0.6	0	0.2	0
2008-10-19	0	2.8	0	0	0	0
2009-04-25	0	2.8	1.0	0.4	0.2	4.0
2009-06-05	0	0	0	0	0	0
2009-07-07	0	0	7.4	1.5	0	0
2009-08-07	0	0	0	0	0	0

采样日期 Sampling date (year- month- day)	采样前降水量 Precipitation prior to sampling (mm)
采样日期 Sampling date (year- month- day)	采样前 0天 Zero day before sampling	采样前 1天 One day before sampling	采样前 2天 Two days before sampling	采样前 3天 Three days before sampling	采样前 4天 Four days before sampling	采样前 5天 Five days before sampling
2008-03-02	1.1	0	0	0	0	0
2008-04-18	0	0	0	0	0	0
2008-06-12	0	1.4	4.2	0	0	0
2008-07-08	0	0	0	0	0	0
2008-08-19	0.2	0.6	0.6	0	0.2	0
2008-10-19	0	2.8	0	0	0	0
2009-04-25	0	2.8	1.0	0.4	0.2	4.0
2009-06-05	0	0	0	0	0	0
2009-07-07	0	0	7.4	1.5	0	0
2009-08-07	0	0	0	0	0	0

植物种类 Plant species			类型		退耕草地 Grassland restored from cropland			天然草地 Natural grassland
科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	Type		CG_2y	CG_4y	CG_8y	1st	2nd	3rd
百合科 Liliaceae	葱属 Allium	碱韭 Allium polyrhizum	P	Xeri.				√	√	√
百合科 Liliaceae	葱属 Allium	砂韭(双齿葱) Allium bidentatum	P	Xero.				√	√	√
车前科 Plantaginaceae	车前属 Plantago	平车前 Plantago depressa	A	Xeri.	√
唇形科 Lamiaceae	益母草属 Leonurus	益母草 Leonurus artemisia	A	Xeri.					√	√
	黄芩属 Scutellaria	粘毛黄芩 Scutellaria viscidula	P	Xeri.					√
	百里香属 Thymus	亚洲百里香 Thymus mongolicus	P	Xero.						√
蝶形花科 Papilionaceae	紫云英属 Astragalus	白花黄耆 Astragalus leucocephalus	P	Xeri.				√	√	√
豆科 Fabaceae	黄华属 Thermopsis	披针叶黄华 Thermopsis lupinoides	P	Xeri.		√
	锦鸡儿属 Caragana	柠条 Caragana korshinskii	P	Xero.				√
	苜蓿属 Medicago	野苜蓿 Medicago falcata	P	Xeri.	√	√		√	√
	岩黄耆属 Hedysarum	华北岩黄耆 Hedysarum gmelinii	P	Xero.					√
禾本科 Poaceae	狗尾草属 Setaria	草谷子 Setaria italica	A	Meso.	√	√
	燕麦属 Avena	莜麦 Avena chinensis	A	Xeri.	√
	针茅属 Stipa	克氏针茅 Stipa krylovii	P	Xeri.	√	√		√	√	√
	冰草属 Agropyron	冰草 Agropyron cristatum	P	Xero.			√2		√
	披碱草属 Elymus	披碱草 Elymus dahuricus	P	Xero.			√	√1
	隐子草属 Cleistogenes	糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa	P	Xero.	√	√	√	√2	√2	√1
菊科 Asteraceae	苦苣菜属 Sonchus	苦苣菜 Sonchus oleraceus	A	Xeri.	√	√
	蒿属 Artemisia	大籽蒿 Artemisia sieversiana	A	Mesa.	√	√		√
		冷蒿 Artemisia frigida	P	Xero.				√	√1	√2
		猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparia	P	Xero.	√	√	√1	√3	√	√
	麻花头属 Serratula	麻花头 Serratula centauroides	P	Xeri.				√	√
	紫菀属 Aster	紫菀 Aster tataricus	P	Xeri.	√	√
	风毛菊属 Saussurea	草地风毛菊 Saussurea amara	P	Xero.	√2	√		√
藜科 Chenopodiaceae	猪毛菜属 Salsola	猪毛菜 Salsola collina	A	Mesa.	√1	√1	√	√
植物种类 Plant species			类型		退耕草地 Grassland restored from cropland			天然草地 Natural grassland
科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	Type		CG_2y	CG_4y	CG_8y	1st	2nd	3rd
藜科 Chenopodiaceae	虫实属 Corispermum	绳虫实 Corispermum declinatum	A	Xeri.		√
藜科 Chenopodiaceae	地肤属 Kochia	木地肤 Kochia prostrata	P	Xero.				√
蓼科 Polygonaceae	蓼属 Polygonum	叉分蓼 Polygonum divaricatum	P	Xeri.		√
牻牛儿苗科 Geraniaceae	牻牛儿苗属 Erodium	牻牛儿苗 Erodium stephanianum	A	Xeri.	√	√
毛茛科 Ranunculaceae	唐松草属 Thalictrum	瓣蕊唐松草 Thalictrum petaloideum	P	Xeri.					√	√
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	委陵菜属 Potentilla	二裂委陵菜 Potentilla bifurca	P	Xeri.					√	√
		轮叶委陵菜 Potentilla verticillaris	P	Xero.	√			√	√
		腺毛委陵菜 Potentilla longifolia	P	Xeri.				√
		星毛委陵菜 Potentilla acaulis	P	Xero.				√	√
伞形科 Apiaceae	迷果芹属 Sphallerocarpus	迷果芹 Sphallerocarpus gracilis	P	Xeri.	√
石竹科 Caryophyllaceae	繁缕属 Stellaria	岩生繁缕 Stellaria petraea	P	Xeri.			√		√
玄参科 Scrophulariaceae	芯芭属 Cymbaria	达乌里芯芭 Cymbaria dahurica	P	Xero.			√		√	√
旋花科 Convolvulaceae	旋花属 Convolvulus	田旋花 Convolvulus arvensis	P	Mesa.	√	√	√		√
	旋花属 Convolvulus	银灰旋花 Convolvulus ammannii	P	Xero.			√			√
	打碗花属 Calystegia	旋花 Calystegia sepium	P	Xeri.						√
芸香科 Rutaceae	拟芸香属 Haplophyllum	北芸香 Haplophyllum dauricum	P	Xero.			√	√
紫草科 Boraginaceae	斑种草属 Bothriospermum	斑种草 Bothriospermum chinense	A	Xeri.			√
紫草科 Boraginaceae	鹤虱属 Lappula	鹤虱 Lappula myosotis	A	Mesa.	√	√
小计 Total
18科 Family	36属 Genus	43种 Species	科 Family		10	8	8	8	11	9
			属 Genus		15	15	10	14	18	12
			种 Species		17	16	11	19	21	15