EFFECTS OF CO2 CONCENTRATION ON PLANT GROWTH, CONTENTS AND COMPONENTS OF ESSENTIAL OIL IN FENNEL (FOENICULUM VULGARE)

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.03.020

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims The primary metabolism and secondary metabolism of plants are influenced by elevated CO₂ concentration. There are many studies on primary metabolism, but few on secondary metabolism; therefore, we studied the effect of CO₂ concentration on plant growth (primary metabolism), contents and components of essential oil (secondary metabolism) in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare).

Methods After adding CO₂ at three concentration levels (287.11, 532.88 and 780.46 μmol·mol ^-1) to a sealed phytotron for 70 days, we investigated plant growth, contents and components of essential oil in fennel.

Important findings Plant height, inflorescence number, fresh and dry weight of inflorescence, whole plant dry weight and dry mass ratio increased, while node number and whole plant fresh weight did not change significantly. Soluble sugar and total carbon increased continuously, while total nitrogen and protein nitrogen exhibited the opposite trend. Pigment content in leaves decreased, but chlorophyll a/b ratio was not significantly different among plants. Contents of essential oil and yields of essential oil per plant were improved under elevated CO₂ concentrations. We identified 22 kinds of components in essential oil, but there were no differences in components of essential oil among different CO₂ concentration treatments. However, α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, p-cymene, tran-fenchyl acetate and (Z)-anethole were significantly different in relative contents of components (p<0.01), and sabinene, phellandrene, ocimene, γ-terpinene, 2,4,6-octatriene, 3,4-dimethyl-, estragole, fenchyl acetate, copaene, fanesene and germacrene were significantly different (p<0.05). Contents of (E)-anethole in essential oil increased under elevated CO₂ concentrations, while contents of limonene decreased, but differences between contents of (E)-anethole and those of limonene were not significant.

Key words: fennel, growth, essential oil, CO₂ concentration

REN An-Xiang, HE Jin-Ming, XIAO Yan-Hui, WANG Yu-Mei. EFFECTS OF CO₂ CONCENTRATION ON PLANT GROWTH, CONTENTS AND COMPONENTS OF ESSENTIAL OIL IN FENNEL (FOENICULUM VULGARE)[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2008, 32(3): 698-703.

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Figures/Tables 6

References 22

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CO₂处理 CO₂ treatment	株高 Plant height (cm)	节数 No. of nodes	花序数 No. of anthotaxies	花序鲜重 Anthotaxy FW (g)	全株鲜重 Plant FW (g)	全株干重 Plant DW (g)
处理1 Treatment 1	62.75±12.18^Ab	11.81±1.80^a	2.69±1.66^a	0.26±0.22^Bb	8.48±2.30^a	1.49±0.41^Bb
处理2 Treatment 2	63.44±15.54^Ab	10.94±1.57^a	2.94±1.88^a	0.37±0.33^ABb	8.22±4.12^a	1.59±0.79^ABb
处理3 Treatment 3	73.88±9.59^Aa	11.63±1.41^a	3.75±1.53^a	0.60±0.42^Aa	9.80±2.73^a	2.11±0.59^Aa

CO₂处理 CO₂ treatment	株高 Plant height (cm)	节数 No. of nodes	花序数 No. of anthotaxies	花序鲜重 Anthotaxy FW (g)	全株鲜重 Plant FW (g)	全株干重 Plant DW (g)
处理1 Treatment 1	62.75±12.18^Ab	11.81±1.80^a	2.69±1.66^a	0.26±0.22^Bb	8.48±2.30^a	1.49±0.41^Bb
处理2 Treatment 2	63.44±15.54^Ab	10.94±1.57^a	2.94±1.88^a	0.37±0.33^ABb	8.22±4.12^a	1.59±0.79^ABb
处理3 Treatment 3	73.88±9.59^Aa	11.63±1.41^a	3.75±1.53^a	0.60±0.42^Aa	9.80±2.73^a	2.11±0.59^Aa

CO₂处理 CO₂ treatments	精油含量 Essential oil contents (ml·(100 g)^-1 DM)	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar (%)	全氮 Full nitrogen (%)	蛋白氮 Protein nitrogen (%)	全碳 Full carbon (%)	单株精油产量 Yield of essential oil per plant (ml)
处理1 Treatment 1	1.26±0.20^Ab	5.96±0.20^Cc	0.14±0^Aa	0.10±0^Aa	16.10±0.96^Bb	0.019±0.005^Bb
处理2 Treatment 2	1.45±0.27^Aab	8.94±0.57^Bb	0.14±0^Aa	0.10±0^Aa	19.13±2.04^Aa	0.023±0.012^Bb
处理3 Treatment 3	1.57±0.17^Aa	11.99±0.1^Aa	0.08±0^Bb	0.05±0^Bb	20.33±1.33^Aa	0.033±0.009^Aa

CO₂处理 CO₂ treatments	精油含量 Essential oil contents (ml·(100 g)^-1 DM)	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar (%)	全氮 Full nitrogen (%)	蛋白氮 Protein nitrogen (%)	全碳 Full carbon (%)	单株精油产量 Yield of essential oil per plant (ml)
处理1 Treatment 1	1.26±0.20^Ab	5.96±0.20^Cc	0.14±0^Aa	0.10±0^Aa	16.10±0.96^Bb	0.019±0.005^Bb
处理2 Treatment 2	1.45±0.27^Aab	8.94±0.57^Bb	0.14±0^Aa	0.10±0^Aa	19.13±2.04^Aa	0.023±0.012^Bb
处理3 Treatment 3	1.57±0.17^Aa	11.99±0.1^Aa	0.08±0^Bb	0.05±0^Bb	20.33±1.33^Aa	0.033±0.009^Aa

CO₂处理 CO₂ treatments	叶绿素a Chl a	叶绿素b Chl b	类胡萝卜素 Carotenoids	叶绿素a/叶绿素b Chl a/b ratio
处理1 Treatment 1	1.15±0.01^Aa	0.58±0.01^a	0.16±0.02^a	1.98±0.04^a
处理2 Treatment 2	1.14±0.04^Aa	0.57±0.03^a	0.16±0.04^a	2.01±0.16^a
处理3 Treatment 3	0.87±0.06^Bb	0.50±0.08^a	0.13±0.05^a	1.78±0.36^a

EFFECTS OF CO₂ CONCENTRATION ON PLANT GROWTH, CONTENTS AND COMPONENTS OF ESSENTIAL OIL IN FENNEL (FOENICULUM VULGARE)

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序号 No.	成分 Components	处理1 Treatment 1	处理2 Treatment 2	处理3 Treatment 3
1	α-蒎烯α-Pinene	1.17±0.10^Aa	0.49±0.10^Bb	0.35±0.02^Bb
2	香桧烯Sabinene	0.07±0.01^Ab	0.09±0.02^Aab	0.10±0.01^Aa
3	β-蒎烯β-Pinene	0.16±0.01^Aa	0.09±0.01^Bab	0.07±0.01^Bb
4	月桂烯Myrcene	0.33±0.02^Aa	0.32±0.01^ABa	0.28±0.02^Bb
5	水芹烯Phellandrene	2.19±0.17^Aab	1.48±0.29^Ab	2.29±0.57^Aa
6	对聚伞花素p-Cymene	0.18±0.03^Aa	0.12±0.01^Bb	0.19±0.01^Aa
7	柠檬烯Limonene	29.60±2.41^a	30.24±2.17^a	26.12±3.13^a
8	罗勒烯Ocimene	0.11±0.02^Ab	0.10±0.02^Ab	0.06±0.01^Aa
9	γ-萜品烯γ-Terpinene	1.09±0.08^Ab	1.43±0.16^Aa	1.55±0.20^Aa
10	萜品油烯Terpinolen	0.71±0.03^a	0.88±0.16^a	0.92±0.10^a
11	3,4-二甲基-2,4,6-三烯 2,4,6-Octatriene,3,4-dimethyl-	0.12±0.01^Aa	0.11±0.01^Aab	0.10±0.01^Ab
12	爱草脑Estragole	2.07±0.03^Ab	2.08±0.08^Ab	2.21±0.07^Aa
13	葑醇乙酸酯Fenchyl acetate	0.09±0.01^Aa	0.08±0.01^Aa	0.05±0.00^Bb
14	反式葑醇乙酸酯tran-Fenchyl acetate	0.51±0.06^Aa	0.40±0.06^Ab	0.22±0.01^Bc
15	顺式茴香脑 (Z)-Anethole	0.13±0.01^Aa	0.12±0.01^ABa	0.09±0.01^Bb
16	反式茴香脑 (E)-Anethole	55.94±1.35^a	57.20±2.12^a	59.55±3.25^a
17	古巴烯Copaene	0.03±0.00^Ab	0.04±0.01^Aa	0.04±0.00^Aa
18	雪松烯Cedrene	0.03±0.00^a	0.03±0.00^a	0.03±0.00^a
19	金合欢烯Fanesene	0.13±0.01^Aa	0.12±0.01^Aab	0.10±0.01^Ab
20	吉玛烯D Germacrene D	0.22±0.00^Ab	0.24±0.03^Ab	0.29±0.03^Aa
21	肉豆蔻醚 Myristicin	0.09±0.02^a	0.10±0.04^a	0.13±0.03^a
22	莳萝芹菜脑Dill apiol	4.04±1.17^a	3.47±1.17^a	4.43±0.59^a
合计Total		99.00±0.06^a	99.22±0.06^a	99.19±0.10^a

成分 Components	处理1 Treatment 1	处理2 Treatment 2	处理3 Treatment 3
单萜类Monoterpenes	35.72±2.41	35.35±1.94	32.04±2.82
含氧化合物Oxygenated compounds	62.86±2.41	63.45±1.91	66.69±2.83
倍半萜类Sesquiterpenes	0.41±0.01	0.43±0.04	0.46±0.02

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