Effects of warming on fine root phenology of forests: a review

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0326

Abstract

Abstract:

The fine root phenology of forests is an important indicator to observe the impact of global warming. It can reflect not only the growth status of forests under the background of global change but also the dynamics of the carbon cycle and below-ground carbon distribution of terrestrial ecosystems. Meanwhile, the response of forest fine root phenology to climate change is considered a hotspot and challenge in the field of global change effects, and thus has been studied extensively. Recent studies claim that soil warming will prolong the growing season of fine roots in forests as the spring phenology and growth peak will begin earlier in some areas of the northern hemisphere, however, atmospheric warming may inhibit the growth of fine roots and delay the phenological events. In addition, some studies found that the root phenology in the surface soil may be more affected by warming than that in the deep layer. Concurrently, some researchers associated fine root phenology with rhizosphere soil environment, microorganisms and above-ground phenology to reveal the response mechanism. However, the response of fine root phenology to climate warming and its underlying mechanisms have not been fully explained. This paper systematically reviewed changes in fine root phenology in forests under global warming, and aimed to provide references for the research on below-ground phenology, and the response and adaptation mechanism of forests to global changes. Future studies should enhance the research on the following aspects: 1) improving and exploring more accurate simulation warming devices and carrying out long-term quantitative research; 2) exploring the relationship between different functional modules of roots (such as absorbing root/transporting root, fibrous root/pioneering root) and their phenology under changing environments, i.e. “environment-traits- phenology”; 3) considering variations of the control factors of root phenology under different below-ground phenological phases (the beginning, peak and end of root growth), species and soil layers; 4) focusing on the relationship between below- and above-ground phenology, and its impacts on plant productivity; 5) focus on the changes of forest below-ground phenology and ecosystem functions (such as carbon sinks, nutrient cycling, etc.) under the combined effect of warming and other environmental factors (CO₂concentration, nitrogen deposition, etc.).

Key words: global warming, fine root dynamics, phenology, below-ground carbon allocation, vertical distribution

CHEN Xin-Yi, WU Chen, HUANG Jin-Xue, XIONG De-Cheng. Effects of warming on fine root phenology of forests: a review[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(11): 1471-1482.

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References 72

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研究方法 Method	操作原理 Principle	文献来源 Reference
连续土芯法 Sequential soil coring method	采用一定直径土钻, 在观测时间内多次对土壤进行取样 Using a soil drill with a certain diameter to take multiple soil column sampling during the observation period	Danjon & Reubens, 2008; Zhang, 2017; Hu et al., 2019
内生长法 In-growth method	I. 尼龙网袋法: 利用根钻在样地钻孔, 取出土壤并进行筛除得到无根土, 将无根土与一定孔径尼龙网袋放入原位, 一定时间取出网袋 I. Nylon net bag method: collect soil samples using root drill from experimental sites, remove roots from the soil by hand sieving, put rootless soil into a nylon net bag with a certain aperture and put it back to the original positions. Take back the nylon net bag after a certain period	Zhang et al., 2000; Zhang, 2017; Hu et al., 2019; Han et al., 2020; Malhotra et al., 2020
内生长法 In-growth method	II. 内生长环法: 放置及取样方式与尼龙网袋法类似, 但该方法使用带沙袋的柱状管替代尼龙网袋, 柱状管与沙袋间存在缝隙 II. Ingrowth donut method: the way of placement and sampling of this method is similar to that of the nylon net bag method, except that a cylindrical tube with sandbags is used instead of the nylon net bag, and there is a gap between the cylindrical tube and the sandbags
根窗法 Rhizotron	I. 微根管法: 于样地有角度地(一般为30°或45°)埋入观测管, 用影像成像系统对同一位置根系生长过程进行影像收集, 用图像分析软件对图片进行分析 I. Minirhizotron: the observation tube is buried at a certain angle (generally 30° or 45° ) in the sample sites. Use an imager to collect images of the root growth conditions regularly at the same position. Collected images were analyzed using Rootfly software	Johnson et al., 2001, 2006; Lahti et al., 2005; Hertel & Leuschner, 2006; Steinaker et al., 2009; Wilson & Kalamees, 2014; Downie et al., 2015
根窗法 Rhizotron	II. 立体根箱法: 装置包括生长室、水肥供应系统和图像捕获分析系统, 大部分研究的根箱设计中生长室由若干透明分室构成 II. Stereoscopic rhizobox: the device includes a growth chamber, a nutrient solution-supplying system, and an image capture and analysis system. In most studies, the growth chamber of the rhizobox is composed of several transparent compartments

研究方法 Method	操作原理 Principle	文献来源 Reference
连续土芯法 Sequential soil coring method	采用一定直径土钻, 在观测时间内多次对土壤进行取样 Using a soil drill with a certain diameter to take multiple soil column sampling during the observation period	Danjon & Reubens, 2008; Zhang, 2017; Hu et al., 2019
内生长法 In-growth method	I. 尼龙网袋法: 利用根钻在样地钻孔, 取出土壤并进行筛除得到无根土, 将无根土与一定孔径尼龙网袋放入原位, 一定时间取出网袋 I. Nylon net bag method: collect soil samples using root drill from experimental sites, remove roots from the soil by hand sieving, put rootless soil into a nylon net bag with a certain aperture and put it back to the original positions. Take back the nylon net bag after a certain period	Zhang et al., 2000; Zhang, 2017; Hu et al., 2019; Han et al., 2020; Malhotra et al., 2020
内生长法 In-growth method	II. 内生长环法: 放置及取样方式与尼龙网袋法类似, 但该方法使用带沙袋的柱状管替代尼龙网袋, 柱状管与沙袋间存在缝隙 II. Ingrowth donut method: the way of placement and sampling of this method is similar to that of the nylon net bag method, except that a cylindrical tube with sandbags is used instead of the nylon net bag, and there is a gap between the cylindrical tube and the sandbags
根窗法 Rhizotron	I. 微根管法: 于样地有角度地(一般为30°或45°)埋入观测管, 用影像成像系统对同一位置根系生长过程进行影像收集, 用图像分析软件对图片进行分析 I. Minirhizotron: the observation tube is buried at a certain angle (generally 30° or 45° ) in the sample sites. Use an imager to collect images of the root growth conditions regularly at the same position. Collected images were analyzed using Rootfly software	Johnson et al., 2001, 2006; Lahti et al., 2005; Hertel & Leuschner, 2006; Steinaker et al., 2009; Wilson & Kalamees, 2014; Downie et al., 2015
根窗法 Rhizotron	II. 立体根箱法: 装置包括生长室、水肥供应系统和图像捕获分析系统, 大部分研究的根箱设计中生长室由若干透明分室构成 II. Stereoscopic rhizobox: the device includes a growth chamber, a nutrient solution-supplying system, and an image capture and analysis system. In most studies, the growth chamber of the rhizobox is composed of several transparent compartments