Changes of plant biomass, species diversity, and their influencing factors in a desert steppe of northwestern China under long-term changing precipitation

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0211

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Plant diversity is the basis for plant communities to maintain ecosystem stability. Despite the scarcity of vegetation, desert steppes play an irreplaceable ecological service function in terms of wind-break and sand- fixation, etc. However, how plant diversity in desert steppes responds to long-term extreme precipitation changes still remains poorly understood.

Methods Based on a long-term field experiment involving five precipitation treatments (50% reduction, 30% reduction, natural, 30% increase, and 50% increase) conducted in a desert steppe in Ningxia since 2014, the changing characteristics of plant biomass, species diversity and their relationships with soil properties were studied from May to October in 2020.

Important findings During the growing season, plant community biomass, Patrick richness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index tended to increase first and then decrease, whereas no obvious regularities in Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index. Compared with the natural precipitation, the decreased precipitation had less effect on plant biomass and diversity, especially the 30% reduction in precipitation. In most cases, the increased precipitation stimulated the growth of Sophora alopecuroides, Stipa brevifloraand Pennisetum centrasiaticum,and thus increasing plant biomass. However, it did not significantly change plant diversity when precipitation increased, especially the 30% increase of precipitation. Plant biomass was significantly affected by soil urease activity, temperature, water content, pH, phosphatase activity and sucrase activity, while plant diversity was significantly affected by soil water content, electrical conductivity, and urease activity. In general, the results indicated that plants have high adaptability to moderate or even extreme drought in the research area under seven consecutive years of changing precipitation; moderately increasing precipitation increased soil water availability, enhanced exchangeable ion mobility, and stimulated enzyme activity, thereby promoting plant growth. However, the continuous increase of precipitation leaded to the increase of plant biomass and plant water consumption, resulting in the lack of soil water in the late growth season and then the early completion of the life cycle of some plants.

Key words: changing precipitation pattern, arid and semi-arid region, ecosystem structure, ecosystem function, soil environment

WANG Xiao-Yue, XU Yi-Xin, LI Chun-Huan, YU Hai-Long, HUANG Ju-Ying. Changes of plant biomass, species diversity, and their influencing factors in a desert steppe of northwestern China under long-term changing precipitation[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(4): 479-490.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0211

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2023/V47/I4/479

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 Monthly average precipitation, wind speed and air temperature in the research area from 2014 to 2020 and in 2020. Meteorological data are from China Meteorological Data Network (https://data.cma.cn/), the weather station is Yanchi station (52723).

Table 1 Two-way ANOVA of plant community biomass in the studied desert steppe under long-term changing precipitation

变异来源 Sources of variation	自由度 Degree of freedom	F
降水量 Precipitation (α)	4	38.988^**
月份 Month (β)	5	5.608^**
降水量×月份 Interaction of α and β	20	0.951

Fig. 2 Effects of long-term changing precipitation on plant community biomass from May to October in the studied desert steppe (mean ± SE, n = 3). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in plant community biomass between the precipitation treatments under the same month (p < 0.05). W1, 50% reduction in precipitation; W2, 30% reduction in precipitation; W3, natural precipitation; W4, 30% increase in precipitation; W5, 50% increase in precipitation.

Fig. 3 Effects of long-term changing precipitation on plant population biomass in July in the studied desert steppe (mean ± SE, n = 3). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in plant population biomass between the precipitation treatments (p < 0.05). W1, 50% reduction in precipitation; W2, 30% reduction in precipitation; W3, natural precipitation; W4, 30% increase in precipitation; W5, 50% increase in precipitation.

Table 2 Two-way ANOVA of plant diversity in a desert steppe under long-term changing precipitation

变异来源 Sources of variation	自由度 Degree of freedom	F (R)	F (H′)	F (D)	F (E)
降水量 Precipitation (α)	4	2.705^*	1.617	1.810	2.807^*
月份 Month (β)	5	5.700^**	18.841^**	1.888	22.071^**
降水量×月份 Interaction of α and β	20	0.532	0.632	0.714	0.918

Fig. 4 Effects of long-term changing precipitation on plant diversity from May to October in the studied desert steppe (mean ± SE, n = 3). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in plant diversity between the precipitation treatments under the same month (p < 0.05). W1, 50% reduction in precipitation; W2, 30% reduction in precipitation; W3, natural precipitation; W4, 30% increase in precipitation; W5, 50% increase in precipitation.

Fig. 5 Redundancy analysis of plant biomass and soil factor in the studied desert steppe under long-term changing precipitation. Am, Astragalus melilotoides population biomass; As, Artemisia scoparia population biomass; Ha, Heteropappus altaicus population biomass; Lp, Lespedeza potaninii population biomass; Pc, Pennisetum centrasiaticum population biomass; PCB, plant community biomass. AP, available phosphorus content; C:Ps, soil carbon content: phosphorus content; MBP, microbial biomass phosphorus content; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen content; NO3?-N, nitrate nitrogen content; PA, phosphatase activity; SA, sucrase activity; T, temperature; TN, total nitrogen content; UA, urease activity; WC, water content.

Table 3 Conditional effects of soil factors in redundancy analysis of plant biomass with soil factors in the studied desert steppe under long-term changing precipitation

指标 Index	UA	T	WC	pH	PA	SA	C:P_s	AP	NH+ 4-N	MBP	TN	NO^-₃-N
F	10.1	6.9	6.9	4.7	4.1	3.0	2.7	1.4	1.2	1.0	0.9	0.7
p	0.002	0.004	0.006	0.006	0.014	0.048	0.076	0.264	0.270	0.368	0.444	0.518

Fig. 6 Redundancy analysis of plant diversity and soil factors in the studied desert steppe under long-term changing precipitation. D, Simpson dominance index; H′, Shannon-Wiener diversity index; R, Patrick richness index; E, Pielou evenness index. AP, available phosphorus content; C:Nm, microbial biomass carbon content:nitrogen content; EC, electrical conductivity; MBP, microbial biomass phosphorus content; NH+4-N, ammonium nitrogen content; NO-3-N, nitrate nitrogen content; N:Pm, microbial biomass nitrogen content: phosphorus content; SA, sucrase activity; T, temperature; UA, urease activity; WC, water content.

Table 4 Conditional effects of soil factors in redundancy analysis of plant diversity and soil factors in the studied desert steppe under long-term changing precipitation

指标 Index	WC	EC	UA	T	NH₄⁺-N	pH	MBP	NO₃^?-N	AP	C:N_m	SA	N:P_m
F	8.0	6.7	6.0	3.8	3.7	3.7	1.7	1.5	1.5	0.4	0.4	0.3
p	0.008	0.028	0.028	0.058	0.068	0.086	0.212	0.248	0.252	0.548	0.562	0.578

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