Damage to the mangrove forests in Dongzhaigang of Hainan caused by super typhoon “Yagi”

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0354

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims On September 6, 2024, super typhoon “Yagi” made landfall in Hainan Province, China, causing severe damage to mangrove forests in the region.

Methods A systematic field survey was conducted in the Dongzhaigang Mangrove Nature Reserve one week after the typhoon, selecting four representative locations, encompassing nine mangrove communities and seven typical mangrove species in total, to assess the extent of damage caused by the typhoon.

Important findings The results revealed that 1) the mangrove forests at Yanfeng, situated 4.5 km from the typhoon’s path, and Sanjiang, situated 6.5 km away, incurred severe damage, with the non-native populations of Laguncularia racemosa and Sonneratia apetala being the most severely affected. In contrast, the mangrove forests at Tashi, 2 km from the path, experienced moderate damage, while those at Bodu, a mere 0.3 km away, sustained only light damage. Field survey, complemented by UAV imagery, found that mangrove communities along tidal creek edges were more severely impacted than those in contiguous areas. 2) Among the six species surveyed, mechanical damage to the native species Bruguiera sexangula, Kandelia obovata, Aegiceras corniculatum, and Ceriops tagal was primarily characterized by branch breakage and partial defloration. The non-native Sonneratia apetala and Laguncularia racemosa populations suffered greater damage than the native communities, with nearly complete canopy defoliation and 96.62%-99.70% of individuals sustaining damage. Approximately 9.64% of individuals experienced trunk breakage or complete uprooting. 3) With the exception of the short Ceriops tagal community at Bodu, which had a maximum tree height of 2 m, mangrove communities with same species closer to the typhoon’s pathway exhibited more severe damage. Tree height, diameter at breast height, and crown size were significantly and positively correlated with damage severity; the taller the trees, the more severe the impact. Based on these damage assessments, it is anticipated that native communities will recover much more rapidly than non-native populations. The typhoon caused considerable short-term damage to the mangrove forests. Therefore, future mangrove restoration efforts should consider species-specific wind resistance, and mixed-species planting strategies are recommended to enhance the stability and wind resilience of mangrove communities.

Key words: typhoon, extreme climate, catastrophe, mangrove, recovery

QIAO Pei-Yang, GU Xiao-Xuan, LIU Chang-Xin, CAO Ze-Yu, ZHANG Ting-Ting, LIN Chen, CHEN Qin-Chang, PENG Xiu-Fan, CHEN Fei-Fei, LI Hua-Liang, CHEN Wei, CHEN Lu-Zhen. Damage to the mangrove forests in Dongzhaigang of Hainan caused by super typhoon “Yagi”[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(4): 540-551.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0354

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2025/V49/I4/540

Figures/Tables 10

References 23

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受损情况/分级 Damage status/tier	分级依据 Grading basis	示例 Example
断树 Break tree	主干断裂 Trunk break
倒树 Fall tree	主干倒伏 Trunk down, uprooted
1级 Tier 1	主干完整、直立; 少量分枝(<10%)保留; 全部叶片脱落 Trunk complete; few branches (<10%) retained; all leaves detached
2级 Tier 2	主干完整、直立; 部分分枝(10%-40%)保留; 全部叶片脱落 Trunk complete; some branches (10%-40%) retained; all leaves detached
3级 Tier 3	主干完整、直立; 多数分枝(40%-70%)保留; 部分叶片保留(10%-40%) Trunk complete; most branches (40%-70%) retained; some leaves retained (10%-40%)
正常 Normal	主干完整、直立; 大量分枝(70%-100%)保留; 多数叶片保留(40%-100%) Trunk complete; large number of branches (70%-100%) retained; most leaves retained (40%-100%)

受损情况/分级 Damage status/tier	分级依据 Grading basis	示例 Example
断树 Break tree	主干断裂 Trunk break
倒树 Fall tree	主干倒伏 Trunk down, uprooted
1级 Tier 1	主干完整、直立; 少量分枝(<10%)保留; 全部叶片脱落 Trunk complete; few branches (<10%) retained; all leaves detached
2级 Tier 2	主干完整、直立; 部分分枝(10%-40%)保留; 全部叶片脱落 Trunk complete; some branches (10%-40%) retained; all leaves detached
3级 Tier 3	主干完整、直立; 多数分枝(40%-70%)保留; 部分叶片保留(10%-40%) Trunk complete; most branches (40%-70%) retained; some leaves retained (10%-40%)
正常 Normal	主干完整、直立; 大量分枝(70%-100%)保留; 多数叶片保留(40%-100%) Trunk complete; large number of branches (70%-100%) retained; most leaves retained (40%-100%)

物种 Species	木材密度 Woody density (g·cm^-3)	来源 Reference
桐花树 Aegiceras corniculatum	0.64	Jiang et al., 2021
海莲 Burguiera sexangula	0.63	Li, 2021
角果木 Ceriops tagal	0.77	Howard et al., 2014; Li, 2021
秋茄 Kandelia obovata	0.52	Li, 2021
拉关木 Laguncularia racemosa	0.60	Howard et al., 2014
红树 Rhizophora apiculata	0.74	Howard et al., 2014; Li, 2021
无瓣海桑 Sonneratia apetala	0.50	Howard et al., 2014

物种 Species	木材密度 Woody density (g·cm^-3)	来源 Reference
桐花树 Aegiceras corniculatum	0.64	Jiang et al., 2021
海莲 Burguiera sexangula	0.63	Li, 2021
角果木 Ceriops tagal	0.77	Howard et al., 2014; Li, 2021
秋茄 Kandelia obovata	0.52	Li, 2021
拉关木 Laguncularia racemosa	0.60	Howard et al., 2014
红树 Rhizophora apiculata	0.74	Howard et al., 2014; Li, 2021
无瓣海桑 Sonneratia apetala	0.50	Howard et al., 2014

调查地点 Investigation site	群落 Community	平均株高 Mean height (m)	叶面积指数 LAI	倒木产量 Dead wood production (kg·m^-2)
博度 Bodu	角果木群落 Ceriops tagal community	0.70	1.77 ± 0.69^a	0.31 ± 0.10^c
演丰 Yanfeng	海莲群落 Burguiera sexangula community	4.62	1.16 ± 0.26^b	1.56 ± 0.30^b
	秋茄群落 Kandelia obovata community	4.32	0.91 ± 0.11^bc	0.34 ± 0.08^c
	红树群落 Rhizophora apiculata community	5.12	1.62 ± 0.25^a	7.20 ± 7.17^a
	拉关木群落 Laguncularia racemosa community	7.97	0.16 ± 0.09^de	0.40 ± 0.39^c
三江 Sanjiang	海莲群落 Burguiera sexangula community	5.83	0.30 ± 0.06^de	0.43 ± 0.35^c
	秋茄群落 Kandelia obovata community	5.81	0.16 ± 0.10^de	2.20 ± 1.23^b
	桐花树群落 Aegiceras corniculatum community	2.30	0.62 ± 0.13^cd	1.82 ± 0.93^b
	无瓣海桑群落 Sonneratia apetala community	10.50	0.08 ± 0.09^e	3.84 ± 1.27^ab