Coordinated responses of volatile odors and stomatal characteristics in Ficus hispida under natural ozone gradients

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0172

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims In recent years, persistently elevated atmospheric ozone (O₃) concentration have not only reduced plant productivity but also disrupted secondary metabolite production, leading to changed chemical signaling, imbalances in local ecological interactions, and impaired precision of symbiotic interactions between animals and plants, as well as to ecosystem service functions.

Methods This study investigated the impact of elevated O₃ on plant chemical signaling and stomatal adaptation by comparing the volatile composition of receptive-phase syconia (the stage when pollinating fig wasps enter the syconium) and leaf stomatal traits of Ficus hispida in natural sites with high and low ambient O₃concentrations in Guangzhou.

Important findings Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, a total of 43 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified across both sites. Of the 32 compounds shared between the two sites, terpenoid compounds were dominant. Furthermore, the high O₃ site exhibited specific oxidized products such as Decanal, Sesquicineole, and Caryophyllene oxide. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis revealed significant spatial differentiation in VOCs composition between the two sites (Stress < 0.2). Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) identified significant differences in the proportional composition of 12 shared compounds (Germacrene D, α-Amorphene, α-Humulene, (E)-β-Farnesene, α-trans-Bergamotene, (E)-Caryophyllene, β-elemene, β-Cubebene, trans-Linalool oxide, (E)-β-Ocimene, Indole, Hex-(3Z)-enyl acetate) between the sites. These results indicate that plant volatile chemical signals differed markedly between natural sites with high and low O₃concentrations, suggesting that such changes may reflect plant responses or potential adaptive strategies to ambient air conditions, particularly elevated O₃. Meanwhile, in the high O₃ sites, the stomatal length and area of Ficus hispida leaves significantly decreased, along with a reduction in chlorophyll content. This study reveals the changes in volatile chemical signals and stomatal physiological characteristics of Ficus hispida under ambient high O₃ conditions, providing new evidence for understanding how O₃pollution may potentially disrupt plant-pollinator interaction networks by affecting interspecies chemical communication and plant stomatal features.

Key words: ozone, Ficus hispida, receptive syconia, volatile organic compounds, stomata

FANG Ni, LIANG Nian-Nian, Ramil KOHKAEW, FAN Song-Le, JIA Yong-Xia, NING Qiu-Rui, LIU Hui, YU Hui. Coordinated responses of volatile odors and stomatal characteristics in Ficus hispida under natural ozone gradients[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2026, 50(6): 1357-1369.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2025.0172

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2026/V50/I6/1357

Figures/Tables 8

References 58

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化合物 Compound	保留指数 Retention index	相对含量 Relative content (%)
化合物 Compound	保留指数 Retention index	TS	SCBG
脂肪族化合物 Aliphatic compound
2-乙基己醇 2-Ethylhexan-1-ol	1 025	0.09 ± 0.03
(3Z)-己烯醇乙酸酯^Hex-(3Z)-enyl acetate^	1 001	0.90 ± 0.45	6.53 ± 0.85
乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate	1 008		1.95 ± 1.63
3-甲基-1,2-环己二酮 3-methyl-1,2-Cyclohexanedione	1 024	1.23 ± 0.94	0.25 ± 0.19
癸醛 Decanal	1 195	0.72 ± 0.45
倍半桉烯醇 Sesquicineole	1 512	1.08 ± 0.39
橙花叔醇 Nerolidol	1 554	1.69 ± 1.32	0.82 ± 0.03
石竹烯氧化物 Caryophyllene oxide	1 590	0.63 ± 0.48
肉豆蔻醛 Tetradecanal	1 601	1.47 ± 0.86	1.77 ± 0.78
单萜 Monoterpenes
桧烯 Sabinene	976		0.18 ± 0.07
β-月桂烯 β-Myrcene	991	0.62 ± 0.42	0.54 ± 0.23
柠檬烯 Limonene	1 029	1.38 ± 1.43	0.77 ± 0.75
1,8-桉叶素 1,8-Cineole	1 035	0.95 ± 1.04	0.49 ± 0.67
(Z)-(β)-罗勒烯 (Z)-(β)-Ocimene	1 036	0.71 ± 0.40	1.11 ± 1.06
(E)-(β)-罗勒烯^(E)-(β)-Ocimene^	1 046	3.91 ± 1.75	9.37 ± 1.88
顺式-芳樟醇氧化物 cis-Linalool oxide	1 070	0.49 ± 0.27	0.32 ± 0.22
反式-芳樟醇氧化物^trans-Linalool oxide^	1 085	4.10 ± 2.49	0.83 ± 0.45
芳樟醇 Linalool	1 094	23.83 ± 4.21	24.68 ± 1.96
倍半萜 Sesquiterpenes
α-依兰烯 α-Ylangene	1 371	0.34 ± 0.26	1.03 ± 0.55
α-古巴烯 α-Copaene	1 378	2.21 ± 1.27	3.80 ± 1.25
未知物1 Unknown1	1 380	2.41 ± 1.13	2.37 ± 1.59
β-荜澄茄烯^β-Cubebene^	1 386	0.09 ± 0.08	1.66 ± 1.06
β-榄香烯^β-elemene^	1 391	3.21 ± 1.56	1.14 ± 0.51
顺式-α-佛手柑烯 cis-α-Bergamotene	1 414	0.53 ± 0.24	1.39 ± 1.30
α-檀香烯 α-Santalene	1 419	0.23 ± 0.10
(E)-石竹烯^(E)-Caryophyllene^	1 425	9.19 ± 2.17	1.95 ± 0.69
反式-α-佛手柑烯^trans-α-Bergamotene^	1 434	3.04 ± 1.36	1.15 ± 0.52
(Z)-(β)-法尼烯 (Z)-(β)-Farnesene	1 440	1.52 ± 0.71	1.31 ± 0.95
(E)-(β)-法尼烯^(E)-(β)-Farnesene^	1 448	9.80 ± 2.05	23.95 ± 3.72
倍半桧烯 Sesquisabinene	1 453	1.09 ± 0.64	1.74 ± 0.23
未知物2 Unknown2	1 458		1.55 ± 0.38
α-蛇麻烯^α-Humulene^	1 460	3.76 ± 1.53	1.53 ± 0.29
未知物3 Unknown3	1 465	0.97 ± 0.35	1.52 ± 0.02
α-紫穗槐烯^α-Amorphene^	1 475	3.14 ± 1.54	1.34 ± 0.64
γ-依兰油烯 γ-Muurolene	1 479	5.51 ± 0.03	1.88 ± 0.85
大牻牛儿烯D^Germacrene D^	1 488	3.91 ± 2.15	1.13 ± 0.35
姜烯 Zingiberene	1 491	0.71 ± 0.35	0.89 ± 0.47
α-依兰油烯 α-Muurolene	1 498		0.71 ± 0.03
β-没药烯 β-Bisabolene	1 502	1.12 ± 0.93	1.66 ± 1.06
(Z)-γ-没药烯 (Z)-γ-Bisabolene	1 518		0.97 ± 0.35
β-倍半水芹烯 β-Sesquiphellandrene	1 521	3.27 ± 2.23	2.25 ± 1.27
α-花柏烯 α-Chamigrene	1 535		1.56 ± 1.95
芳香族化合物 Aromatic compounds
吲哚^* Indole^*	1 290	10.82 ± 1.82	3.55 ± 0.36

化合物 Compound	保留指数 Retention index	相对含量 Relative content (%)
化合物 Compound	保留指数 Retention index	TS	SCBG
脂肪族化合物 Aliphatic compound
2-乙基己醇 2-Ethylhexan-1-ol	1 025	0.09 ± 0.03
(3Z)-己烯醇乙酸酯^Hex-(3Z)-enyl acetate^	1 001	0.90 ± 0.45	6.53 ± 0.85
乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate	1 008		1.95 ± 1.63
3-甲基-1,2-环己二酮 3-methyl-1,2-Cyclohexanedione	1 024	1.23 ± 0.94	0.25 ± 0.19
癸醛 Decanal	1 195	0.72 ± 0.45
倍半桉烯醇 Sesquicineole	1 512	1.08 ± 0.39
橙花叔醇 Nerolidol	1 554	1.69 ± 1.32	0.82 ± 0.03
石竹烯氧化物 Caryophyllene oxide	1 590	0.63 ± 0.48
肉豆蔻醛 Tetradecanal	1 601	1.47 ± 0.86	1.77 ± 0.78
单萜 Monoterpenes
桧烯 Sabinene	976		0.18 ± 0.07
β-月桂烯 β-Myrcene	991	0.62 ± 0.42	0.54 ± 0.23
柠檬烯 Limonene	1 029	1.38 ± 1.43	0.77 ± 0.75
1,8-桉叶素 1,8-Cineole	1 035	0.95 ± 1.04	0.49 ± 0.67
(Z)-(β)-罗勒烯 (Z)-(β)-Ocimene	1 036	0.71 ± 0.40	1.11 ± 1.06
(E)-(β)-罗勒烯^(E)-(β)-Ocimene^	1 046	3.91 ± 1.75	9.37 ± 1.88
顺式-芳樟醇氧化物 cis-Linalool oxide	1 070	0.49 ± 0.27	0.32 ± 0.22
反式-芳樟醇氧化物^trans-Linalool oxide^	1 085	4.10 ± 2.49	0.83 ± 0.45
芳樟醇 Linalool	1 094	23.83 ± 4.21	24.68 ± 1.96
倍半萜 Sesquiterpenes
α-依兰烯 α-Ylangene	1 371	0.34 ± 0.26	1.03 ± 0.55
α-古巴烯 α-Copaene	1 378	2.21 ± 1.27	3.80 ± 1.25
未知物1 Unknown1	1 380	2.41 ± 1.13	2.37 ± 1.59
β-荜澄茄烯^β-Cubebene^	1 386	0.09 ± 0.08	1.66 ± 1.06
β-榄香烯^β-elemene^	1 391	3.21 ± 1.56	1.14 ± 0.51
顺式-α-佛手柑烯 cis-α-Bergamotene	1 414	0.53 ± 0.24	1.39 ± 1.30
α-檀香烯 α-Santalene	1 419	0.23 ± 0.10
(E)-石竹烯^(E)-Caryophyllene^	1 425	9.19 ± 2.17	1.95 ± 0.69
反式-α-佛手柑烯^trans-α-Bergamotene^	1 434	3.04 ± 1.36	1.15 ± 0.52
(Z)-(β)-法尼烯 (Z)-(β)-Farnesene	1 440	1.52 ± 0.71	1.31 ± 0.95
(E)-(β)-法尼烯^(E)-(β)-Farnesene^	1 448	9.80 ± 2.05	23.95 ± 3.72
倍半桧烯 Sesquisabinene	1 453	1.09 ± 0.64	1.74 ± 0.23
未知物2 Unknown2	1 458		1.55 ± 0.38
α-蛇麻烯^α-Humulene^	1 460	3.76 ± 1.53	1.53 ± 0.29
未知物3 Unknown3	1 465	0.97 ± 0.35	1.52 ± 0.02
α-紫穗槐烯^α-Amorphene^	1 475	3.14 ± 1.54	1.34 ± 0.64
γ-依兰油烯 γ-Muurolene	1 479	5.51 ± 0.03	1.88 ± 0.85
大牻牛儿烯D^Germacrene D^	1 488	3.91 ± 2.15	1.13 ± 0.35
姜烯 Zingiberene	1 491	0.71 ± 0.35	0.89 ± 0.47
α-依兰油烯 α-Muurolene	1 498		0.71 ± 0.03
β-没药烯 β-Bisabolene	1 502	1.12 ± 0.93	1.66 ± 1.06
(Z)-γ-没药烯 (Z)-γ-Bisabolene	1 518		0.97 ± 0.35
β-倍半水芹烯 β-Sesquiphellandrene	1 521	3.27 ± 2.23	2.25 ± 1.27
α-花柏烯 α-Chamigrene	1 535		1.56 ± 1.95
芳香族化合物 Aromatic compounds
吲哚^* Indole^*	1 290	10.82 ± 1.82	3.55 ± 0.36