氮添加对北京东灵山地区灌丛土壤呼吸的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2016.0085

植物生态学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (1): 81-94.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0085

所属专题：中国灌丛生态系统碳储量的研究

氮添加对北京东灵山地区灌丛土壤呼吸的影响

张建华^1,^2,^*(), 唐志尧³, 沈海花², 方精云^2,³

¹忻州师范学院, 山西忻州 034000
²中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室, 北京 100093
³北京大学城市与环境学院, 北京大学地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室, 北京 100871

收稿日期:2016-03-09 接受日期:2016-09-21 出版日期:2017-01-10 发布日期:2017-01-23
通讯作者: 张建华
作者简介:* 通信作者Author for correspondence (E-mail:sunzhiqiang1956@sina.com)
基金资助:
中国科学院战略先导性科技专项(XDA- 05050300)和全球变化国家重大科学研究计划(2010- CB950600和2014CB954004)

Effects of nitrogen addition on soil respiration in shrublands in Mt. Dongling, Beijing, China

Jian-Hua ZHANG^1,^2,^*(), Zhi-Yao TANG³, Hai-Hua SHEN², Jing-Yun FANG^2,³

¹Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou, Shanxi 034000, China

²State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
and
³College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Received:2016-03-09 Accepted:2016-09-21 Online:2017-01-10 Published:2017-01-23
Contact: Jian-Hua ZHANG
About author:KANG Jing-yao(1991-), E-mail: kangjingyao_nj@163.com。

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳收支的重要组成部分。与森林相比, 自然或半自然的灌丛主要分布在养分贫瘠的地区, 通常认为它们对环境变化较为敏感。外源氮输入可能会显著影响灌丛的土壤呼吸。迄今为止, 人们对大气氮沉降对灌丛土壤呼吸的影响知之甚少。该文通过氮添加试验, 研究了北京东灵山荆条(Vitex negundo var. heterophylla)和绣线菊(Spiraea salicifolia)灌丛土壤呼吸及其对不同氮添加水平(对照(0)、低氮(20 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、中氮(50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)和高氮(100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1))的响应。结果表明: 自然条件下, 荆条和绣线菊灌丛的土壤总呼吸年通量为5.91和4.23 t C·hm^-2·a^-1, 异养呼吸通量为5.76和3.53 t C·hm^-2·a^-1, 荆条和绣线菊灌丛的总呼吸和异养呼吸均与土壤温度呈显著的指数关系。荆条和绣线菊灌丛土壤总呼吸温度敏感性系数(Q₁₀)的变化范围分别为1.44-1.58和1.43-1.98, 异养呼吸Q₁₀的变化范围分别为1.38-2.11和1.49-1.88。短期氮添加抑制了荆条灌丛的自养呼吸, 而对土壤总呼吸和异养呼吸影响不明显; 氮添加促进了绣线菊灌丛的异养呼吸, 而对土壤总呼吸和自养呼吸均无显著影响; 氮添加对两种灌丛土壤呼吸年通量及土壤总呼吸Q₁₀均无显著影响。

关键词: 氮沉降, 土壤呼吸, 碳循环, 温度敏感性, 温带灌丛

Abstract:

Aims Soil respiration from terrestrial ecosystems is an important component of terrestrial carbon budgets. Compared to forests, natural or semi-natural shrublands are mostly distributed in nutrient-poor sites, and usually considered to be relatively vulnerable to environmental changes. Increased nitrogen (N) input to ecosystems may remarkably influence soil respiration in shrublands. So far the effects of N deposition on shrubland soil respiration are poorly understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the soil respiration of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands and their response to N deposition.
Methods We carried out a N enrichment experiment in V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands in Mt. Dongling, Beijing, with four N addition levels (N₀, control, 0; N₁, low N, 20 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1; N₂, medium N, 50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1and N₃, high N, 100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1). Respiration was measured from 2012-2013 within all treatments.
Important findings Under natural conditions, annual total and heterotrophic respiration were 5.91 and 4.23, 5.76 and 3.53 t C·hm^-2·a^-1 for the V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands, respectively and both were not affected by short-term N addition. In both shrubland types, soil respiration rate exhibited significant exponential relationships with soil temperature. Temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of total soil respiration in V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands ranged from 1.44 to 1.58 and 1.43 to 1.98, and Q₁₀ of heterotrophic soil respiration ranged from 1.38 to 2.11 and 1.49 to 1.88, respectively. Short-term N addition decreased only autotrophic respiration rate during the growing season, but had no significant effects on total and heterotrophic soil respiration in V. negundo var. heterophylla shrubland. In contrast, N addition enhanced the heterotrophic soil respiration rate and did not influence autotrophic and total soil respiration in S. salicifolia shrubland.

Key words: nitrogen deposition, soil respiration, carbon cycle, temperature sensitivity, temperate shrublands

张建华, 唐志尧, 沈海花, 方精云. 氮添加对北京东灵山地区灌丛土壤呼吸的影响. 植物生态学报, 2017, 41(1): 81-94. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0085

Jian-Hua ZHANG, Zhi-Yao TANG, Hai-Hua SHEN, Jing-Yun FANG. Effects of nitrogen addition on soil respiration in shrublands in Mt. Dongling, Beijing, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2017, 41(1): 81-94. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0085

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2016.0085

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2017/V41/I1/81

图/表 12

表1 试验样地地形、土壤和植被特征(平均值±标准误差, n = 3)

Table 1 Topography, soil and vegetation characteristics of the experimental sites (mean ± SE, n = 3)

项目 Item	荆条灌丛 Vitex negundo var. heterophylla shrubland	绣线菊灌丛 Spiraea salicifolia shrubland
地形和气候 Topography and climate
海拔 Elevation (m)	791	1 170
坡向 Aspect	南 South	南 South
坡度 Slope (°)	28	25
年平均气温 Mean annual temperature (℃)	12.3	9.2
表层土壤特征 Top soil property
土壤pH值 Soil pH value	8.7	8.9
总碳 Total carbon (mg·g^-1)	28.88 (±2.10)	39.50 (±5.03)
总氮 Total nitrogen (mg·g^-1)	2.72 (±0.32)	2.29 (±0.36)
总磷 Total phosphorous (mg·g^-1)	0.47 (±0.04)	0.48 (±0.03)
无机氮 Inorganic nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	6.01 (±2.38)	2.51 (±2.88)
速效磷 Available phosphorous (mg·kg^-1)	1.03 (±0.09)	1.38 (±0.77)
群落特征 Community characteristics
灌木高度 Shrub height (cm)	78.1 (±12.37)	79.8 (±7.43)
平均基径 Average base diameter (cm)	0.77 (±1.77)	0.56 (±0.04)
灌木密度 Shrub density (stems·hm^-2)	1.6 × 10⁵	3.6 × 10⁵
灌木层优势种 Dominant species of shrub layer	荆条 Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, 河蒴荛花 Wikstroemia chamaedaphne	绣线菊 Spiraea salicifolia
草本层优势种 Dominant species of herb layer	细叶薹草 Carex duriuscula subsp. stenophylloides	细叶薹草 Carex duriuscula subsp. stenophylloides
干扰程度 Levels of disturbance	轻度干扰 Light disturbance	轻度干扰 Light disturbance

图1 北京东灵山地区灌丛氮添加试验设计。A, 样方示意图。B, Collar环示意图。N0、N1、N2、N3分别表示对照(0 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、低氮(20 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、中氮(50 kg N·hm-2·a-1)和高氮(100 kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理。

Fig. 1 Experimental design in shrublands on Mt. Dongling, Beijing, northern China. A, Schematic diagram of Quadrats. B, Schematic diagram of Collar rings. N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

图2 不同氮添加对荆条(左)和绣线菊(右)灌丛土壤总呼吸(Rs)、自养呼吸(Ra)及异养呼吸(Rh)的影响(平均值±标准误差)。N0、N1、N2、N3分别表示对照(0 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、低氮(20 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、中氮(50 kg N·hm-2·a-1)和高氮(100 kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理。

Fig. 2 Influence of different nitrogen addition on the soil total respiration (Rs), autotrophic respiration (Ra) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh) of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla (left) and Spiraea salicifolia (right) shrublands (mean ± SE). N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

表2 时间和氮添加处理对荆条和绣线菊灌丛土壤总呼吸(Rs)、异养呼吸(Rh)及自养呼吸(Ra)影响的双因子方差分析

Table 2 Two-way ANOVA test results for the effects of time and nitrogen addition treatments on total soil respiration (Rs), heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and autotrophic respiration rate (Ra) in Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands

	自由度 Degree of freedom	R_s		R_h		R_a
	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	p	F	p	F	p
荆条灌丛 Vitex negundo var. heterophylla shrubland
处理 Treatment	3	1.51	0.218	0.33	0.807	3.33	0.024
时间 Time¹⁾	9	52.49	<0.001	33.18	<0.001	14.60	<0.001
处理×时间 Treatment × Time	27	0.42	0.994	0.45	0.989	0.88	0.631
绣线菊灌丛 Spiraea salicifolia shrubland
处理 Treatment	3	1.49	0.224	4.43	0.006	0.42	0.740
时间 Time	9	88.65	<0.001	42.90	<0.001	7.25	<0.001
处理×时间 Treatment × Time	27	0.39	0.996	0.49	0.980	0.32	0.999

图3 不同氮添加处理的荆条和绣线菊灌丛土壤总呼吸(Rs)与土壤温度的关系。N0、N1、N2、N3分别表示对照(0 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、低氮(20 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、中氮(50 kg N·hm-2·a-1)和高氮(100 kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理。

Fig. 3 Relationship between total soil respiration (Rs) and soil temperature in Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands under different nitrogen addition treatments. N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

图4 不同处理的荆条和绣线菊灌丛土壤总呼吸(Rs)与土壤含水量的关系。N0、N1、N2、N3分别表示对照(0 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、低氮(20 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、中氮(50 kg N·hm-2·a-1)和高氮(100 kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理。

Fig. 4 Relationship between total soil respiration (Rs) and soil moisture in Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands under different nitrogen addition treatments. N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

表3 土壤呼吸(R, μmol CO2·m-2·s-1)和组分与5 cm土壤温度(T, °C))的指数关系模型(R = aeKt)

Table 3 Models (R = aeKt) for the relationship between total and component of soil respiration (R, μmol CO2·m-2·s-1) and soil temperature 5 cm under the surface

灌丛类型 Shrubland type	呼吸组分 Respiration component	处理 Treatment	n	R²	参数 Parameter
灌丛类型 Shrubland type	呼吸组分 Respiration component	处理 Treatment	n	R²	a	K	Q₁₀
荆条 Vitex negundo var. heterophylla	土壤总呼吸	N₀	217	0.13	1.322	0.042	1.52
	Total soil respiration	N₁	227	0.08	0.878	0.046	1.58
		N₂	231	0.13	1.296	0.036	1.44
		N₃	234	0.12	1.109	0.044	1.55
	异养呼吸	N₀	220	0.20	1.183	0.035	1.42
	Heterotrophic respiration	N₁	221	0.26	0.327	0.075	2.11
		N₂	224	0.14	1.137	0.032	1.38
		N₃	242	0.18	0.594	0.058	1.78
绣线菊 Spiraea salicifolia	土壤总呼吸	N₀	228	0.28	1.192	0.043	1.54
	Total soil respiration	N₁	218	0.16	1.445	0.036	1.43
		N₂	232	0.39	0.678	0.069	1.98
		N₃	216	0.15	1.609	0.037	1.44
	异养呼吸	N₀	224	0.33	0.753	0.049	1.63
	Heterotrophic respiration	N₁	221	0.22	1.003	0.040	1.49
		N₂	234	0.39	0.666	0.063	1.88
		N₃	213	0.31	0.942	0.047	1.59

图5 不同氮添加处理的荆条和绣线菊灌丛土壤异养呼吸(Rh)与土壤温度的关系。N0、N1、N2、N3分别表示对照(0 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、低氮(20 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、中氮(50 kg N·hm-2·a-1)和高氮(100 kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理。

Fig. 5 Relationship between soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and soil temperature in Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands under different nitrogen addition treatments. N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

图6 不同氮处理的荆条和绣线菊灌丛土壤异养呼吸(Rh)与土壤含水量的关系。N0、N1、N2、N3分别表示对照(0 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、低氮(20 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、中氮(50 kg N·hm-2·a-1)和高氮(100 kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理。

Fig. 6 Relationship between soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and soil moisture in Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands under different nitrogen addition treatments. N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

图7 氮添加对荆条和绣线菊灌丛异养呼吸(Rh)和土壤总呼吸(Rs)年通量的影响(平均值±标准误差)。相同字母a和b上标表示各处理间无显著差异(p > 0.05)。N0、N1、N2、N3分别表示对照(0 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、低氮(20 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、中氮(50 kg N·hm-2·a-1)和高氮(100 kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理。

Fig. 7 Influence of nitrogen addition on soil heterotrophic (Rh) and total (Rs) respiration in Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands (mean ± SE). The same letter a and b indicate no significant (p > 0.05) among treatments. N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

图8 氮添加对荆条和绣线菊灌丛异养呼吸组分贡献率(Rh/Rs)的影响(平均值±标准误差)。图中相同字母表示各处理间差异不显著(p > 0.05)。N0、N1、N2、N3分别表示对照(0 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、低氮(20 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、中氮(50 kg N·hm-2·a-1)和高氮(100 kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理。

Fig. 8 Influence of nitrogen addition on contributions of heterotrophic respiration to total soil respiration (Rh/Rs) in Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands (mean ± SE). The same letter a and b indicate no significant (p > 0.05) among treatments. N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

表4 2013年不同处理下土壤总呼吸和异养呼吸的年通量(平均值±标准误差, n = 3)

Table 4 Annual flux of soil total (Rs) and heterotrophic (Rh) respiration (t C·hm-2·a-1) in 2013 under different nitrogen addition treatments (mean ± SE, n = 3)

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氮添加对北京东灵山地区灌丛土壤呼吸的影响

Effects of nitrogen addition on soil respiration in shrublands in Mt. Dongling, Beijing, China

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