不同形态和水平的氮添加对内蒙古草甸草原土壤净氮矿化潜力的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2018.0245

植物生态学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (2): 174-184.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0245

• 研究论文 • 上一篇

不同形态和水平的氮添加对内蒙古草甸草原土壤净氮矿化潜力的影响

李阳^1,²,徐小惠^1,²,孙伟³,申颜^1,⁴,任婷婷^1,²,黄建辉^1,²,王常慧^1,^*()

1 中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室, 北京 100093
2 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3 东北师范大学植被生态学教育部重点实验室, 长春 130024
4 山西农业大学动物科技学院, 山西太谷 030801

收稿日期:2018-10-05 接受日期:2019-01-31 出版日期:2019-02-20 发布日期:2019-06-04
通讯作者: 王常慧
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0500703);国家自然科学基金(31572452);国家自然科学基金(41573063)

Effects of different forms and levels of N additions on soil potential net N mineralization rate in meadow steppe, Nei Mongol, China

LI Yang^1,²,XU Xiao-Hui^1,²,SUN Wei³,SHEN Yan^1,⁴,REN Ting-Ting^1,²,HUANG Jian-Hui^1,²,WANG Chang-Hui^1,^*()

1 State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3 Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
4 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China

Received:2018-10-05 Accepted:2019-01-31 Online:2019-02-20 Published:2019-06-04
Contact: WANG Chang-Hui
Supported by:
Supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFC0500703);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31572452);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41573063)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由全球变化和工农业生产引发的大气氮沉降增加已经对生态系统结构和功能产生了不可忽视的影响, 但是氮沉降的组成成分存在多种形态, 不同形态的氮对生态系统的结构与功能的影响是否有差异目前还不清楚。因此, 该研究选择内蒙古草甸草原开展不同形态和不同水平的外源氮添加试验, 每年添加5种不同形态的氮肥, 包括: 尿素、碳酸氢铵、硝酸铵、硫酸铵、缓释尿素, 添加量分别为: 0 (N0)、2 (N2)、5 (N5)、10 (N10)、20 (N20)及50 (N50) g·m ^-2·a ^-1, 均为纯氮添加量。通过野外原位取土、室内控制温度和水分(25 ℃和60%田间持水量)的培养试验测定土壤净氮矿化(mg·kg ^-1·h ^-1)潜力、土壤微生物呼吸(μg·g ^-1·h ^-1)潜力、土壤微生物生物量碳(氮)(mg·kg ^-1)的潜力以及土壤碳(g·kg ^-1)、氮(g·kg ^-1)、磷(g·kg ^-1)含量等指标, 研究添加不同形态和不同水平的氮对土壤净氮矿化潜力的影响。试验结果表明: (1)短期内不同形态、不同水平的氮添加改变了土壤中无机氮的含量、铵态氮和硝态氮的累积量, 并且表现出铵态氮肥的促进作用比硝态氮肥更加显著, 铵态氮的累积显著提高了土壤净氮矿化潜力, 短期铵态氮和硝态氮的累积可增加微生物和植物对有效氮的快速固持; (2)不同形态、不同水平氮添加导致土壤微生物活性发生改变, 包括土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量、微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量及其碳氮比(MBC:MBN), 并且在低水平氮添加下显著增强土壤微生物的呼吸速率, 高水平氮添加显著降低微生物呼吸速率和呼吸熵; (3)不同形态、不同水平氮添加短期内对土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量、土壤全磷含量、土壤全氮含量无显著影响, 但是高水平氮添加不仅提高了速效磷的含量, 而且导致土壤迅速酸化。室内培养净氮矿化潜力的结果进一步验证了内蒙古草甸草原受氮限制, 添加中低水平的氮可以通过提高土壤微生物的活性而增加该地区草原土壤的净氮矿化潜力, 从而提高草地生产力。

关键词: 氮添加, 净氮矿化潜力, 土壤微生物活性, 草甸草原

Abstract: Aims

The increase of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition caused by global change and industrial and agricultural production has had an important impact on the structure and function of ecosystems. There are many forms in composition of atmospheric N deposition. However, it is not clear whether there are differences in the effects of N deposition forms on structure and function of the ecosystems. Here our objective was to characterize the effects of different forms and levels of N addition on soil net N mineralization potential of steppe ecosystem in the Nei Mongol.

Methods

A N addition experiment was carried out in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol using five different N fertilizers, including CO(NH₂)₂, NH₄HCO₃, NH₄NO₃, (NH₄)₂SO₄, and slow-release urea separately since 2014. There were six N addition levels with 0 (N0), 2 (N2), 5 (N5), 10 (N10), 20 (N20) and 50 (N50) g·m ^-2·a ^-1. Fresh soil samples from all treatments were taken and all roots were removed in July 2016. Then these soil samples were incubated for 24 h at 25 °C with 60% field water capacity. The potential of net N mineralization and nitrification rates and the potential of soil microbial respiration (MR), soil physical and chemical properties, soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and N (MBN) contents were measured, respectively.

Important findings

The results showed that: (1) different forms and levels of N addition significantly increased soil inorganic N content and potential net N mineralization and nitrification rates. The N20 treatment had the highest soil inorganic N content and net N mineralization rate, however the highest soil net nitrification rate was found under N50 treatment; (2) different forms and levels of N addition significantly increased MBC and MBN contents and decreased the microbial metabolic quotient (qCO₂). Lower N addition (N2) enhanced MR, but medium and higher N addition (N20, N50) restrained the MR; (3) different forms and levels of N addition significantly reduced the soil pH value, but significantly increased the available phosphorus content. No effects were found in soil water content, total phosphorus, total N and soil organic carbon contents, separately. The results verified that soil available N was the limited factor affecting plant productivity in meadow steppe in Nei Mongol steppe. No matter what type of N fertilizer can increase the activity of soil microorganism and the potential net N mineralization rate of the meadow steppe in this area.

Key words: nitrogen addition, potential net nitrogen mineralization, soil microbial activity, meadow steppe

李阳, 徐小惠, 孙伟, 申颜, 任婷婷, 黄建辉, 王常慧. 不同形态和水平的氮添加对内蒙古草甸草原土壤净氮矿化潜力的影响. 植物生态学报, 2019, 43(2): 174-184. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0245

LI Yang, XU Xiao-Hui, SUN Wei, SHEN Yan, REN Ting-Ting, HUANG Jian-Hui, WANG Chang-Hui. Effects of different forms and levels of N additions on soil potential net N mineralization rate in meadow steppe, Nei Mongol, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2019, 43(2): 174-184. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0245

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图/表 9

图1 氮添加形态和添加量对内蒙古草甸草原土壤理化性质的影响(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。只进行同一氮添加量不同氮形态的多重比较, 不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 1 Effects of nitrogen (N) addition forms and levels on soil physicochemical properties in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol (mean ± SD, n = 3). Comparison was performed with different N forms within the same N level. Different lowercase letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

表1 不同形态、不同水平氮添加双因素对内蒙古草甸草原土壤理化性质的主效应及其交互效应的方差分析(p值)

Table 1 Results (p-values) of two-way ANOVA on the effects of addition nitrogen forms, nitrogen levels and their interactions on soil physicochemical properties in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol

	pH			速效磷含量 Available P content			全磷含量 Total P content			全氮含量 Total N content			有机碳含量 Organic carbon content
	d.f.	F	p	d.f.	F	p	d.f.	F	p	d.f.	F	p	d.f.	F	p
氮形态 N form (F)	4	14.87	<0.001	4	1.93	0.12	4	1.43	0.24	4	0.28	0.89	4	0.72	0.59
氮水平 N level (L)	5	32.21	<0.001	5	14.82	<0.001	5	1.40	0.24	5	3.59	0.007	5	4.23	0.002
F × L	20	2.84	0.001	20	5.13	<0.001	20	0.94	0.54	20	0.80	0.71	20	3.35	<0.001

图2 氮添加形态和添加量对内蒙古草甸草原土壤微生物碳(MBC)含量(A)、微生物氮(MBN)含量(B)和微生物碳氮比(MBC:MBN)(C)的影响(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。AU, 尿素(CO(NH2)2); AS, 硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4); AN, 硝酸铵(NH4NO3); AC, 碳酸氢铵(NH4HCO3); AR, 缓释尿素。只进行同一氮添加量不同氮形态的多重比较, 不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Effects of nitrogen (N) addition forms and levels on soil microbial carbon (MBC) content (A), microbial nitrogen (MBN) content (B) and their ratio (MBC:MBN)(C)(means ± SD, n = 3). AU, CO(NH2)2; AS, (NH4)2SO4; AN, NH4NO3; AC, NH4HCO3; AR, slow-release urea. Comparison was performed with different N forms within the same N level. Different lowercase letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

表2 不同形态、不同水平氮添加双因素对内蒙古草甸草原土壤微生物活性的主效应及其交互效应的方差分析(p值)

Table 2 Results (p-values) of two-way ANOVA on the effects of addition nitrogen forms, nitrogen levels and their interactions on soil microbial activity in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol

	MBC			MBN			MBC:MBN			MR			qCO₂
	d.f.	F	p	d.f.	F	p	d.f.	F	p	d.f.	F	p	d.f.	F	p
氮形态 N form (F)	4	34.24	<0.001	4	0.85	0.50	4	16.09	<0.001	4	1.33	0.27	4	4.27	0.004
氮水平 N level (L)	5	52.82	<0.001	5	14.50	<0.001	5	34.98	<0.001	5	8.68	<0.001	5	7.43	<0.001
F × L	20	20.17	<0.001	20	3.95	<0.001	20	8.24	<0.001	20	1.54	0.10	20	3.15	<0.001

图3 氮添加形态和数量对培养24 h期间内蒙古草甸草原土壤微生物呼吸的影响(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。AU, 尿素(CO(NH2)2); AS, 硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4); AN, 硝酸铵(NH4NO3); AC, 碳酸氢铵(NH4HCO3); AR, 缓释尿素。只进行同一氮添加量不同氮形态的多重比较。不同小写字母表示处理之间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Effects of nitrogen (N) addition forms and levels on soil microbial respiration in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol during 24 hours incubation (means ± SD, n = 3). AU, CO(NH2)2; AS, (NH4)2SO4; AN, NH4NO3; AC, NH4HCO3; AR, slow-release urea. Comparison was performed with different N forms within the same N level. Different lowercase letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

表4 氮添加形态和数量对内蒙古草甸草原土壤微生物呼吸熵的影响(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)

Table 4 Effects of nitrogen (N) addition forms and levels on soil microbial metabolic quotient in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol (mean ± SD, n = 3)

氮添加水平 N addition level (g·m^-2)	AU	AS	AN	AC	AR
0	1.58 ± 0.40^b	2.70 ± 0.33^ab	7.43 ± 4.31^a	1.72 ± 0.37^b	3.80 ± 3.48^ab
2	1.21 ± 2.11^b	1.79 ± 0.08^c	3.72 ± 1.06^ab	1.28 ± 0.43^c	4.87 ± 0.87^a
5	1.69 ± 0.30^a	2.93 ± 2.60^a	2.14 ± 1.01^a	2.65 ± 2.26^a	3.29 ± 1.24^a
10	1.26 ± 0.74^ab	0.58 ± 0.15^b	0.62 ± 0.47^b	1.71 ± 0.42^ab	3.53 ± 2.87^a
20	2.98 ± 0.51^a	0.26 ± 0.04^c	0.09 ± 0.03^c	0.94 ± 0.87^b	0.18 ± 0.15^c
50	0.16 ± 0.14^b	0.06 ± 0.04^b	0.13 ± 0.01^b	1.31 ± 0.57^ab	4.28 ± 3.91^a

图4 氮添加形态和数量对内蒙古草甸草原土壤硝态氮(A)、铵态氮(B)和总无机氮库(C)的影响(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。AU, 尿素(CO(NH2)2); AS, 硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4); AN, 硝酸铵(NH4NO3); AC, 碳酸氢铵(NH4HCO3); AR, 缓释尿素。只进行同一氮添加量不同氮形态的多重比较。不同小写字母表示处理之间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Effects of nitrogen (N) addition forms and levels on soil nitrate (A), ammonium (B) and total inorganic N (C) pools in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol (mean ± SD, n = 3). AU, CO(NH2)2; AS, (NH4)2SO4; AN, NH4NO3; AC, NH4HCO3; AR, slow-release urea. Aamm, accumulation of ammonium nitrogen; Anit, accumulation of nitrate nitrogen; Amin, accumulation of nitrogen mineralization. Comparison was performed with different N forms within the same N level. Different lowercase letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

表3 不同形态、不同水平氮添加双因素对内蒙古草甸草原土壤氮矿化的主效应及其交互效应的方差分析(p值)

Table 3 Results (p-values) of two-way ANOVA on the effects of addition nitrogen forms, nitrogen levels and their interactions on soil nitrogen mineralization in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol

	A_amm			A_nit			A_min			R_min			R_nit
	d.f.	F	p	d.f.	F	p	d.f.	F	p	d.f.	F	p	d.f.	F	p
氮形态 N form (F)	4	4.49	0.003	4	4.08	0.005	4	4.00	0.006	4	4.00	0.006	4	4.08	0.005
氮水平 N level (L)	5	77.23	<0.001	5	16.13	<0.001	5	64.80	<0.001	5	64.80	<0.001	5	16.13	<0.001
F × L	20	7.10	<0.001	20	2.46	0.004	20	6.89	<0.001	20	6.89	<0.001	20	2.46	0.004

图5 氮添加形态和两对内蒙古草甸草原土壤净氮矿化(A)和净硝化速率(B)潜力的影响(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。AU, 尿素(CO(NH2)2); AS, 硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4); AN, 硝酸铵(NH4NO3); AC, 碳酸氢铵(NH4HCO3); AR, 缓释尿素。只进行同一氮添加量不同氮形态的多重比较。不同小写字母表示处理之间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 5 Effects of nitrogen (N) addition on soil potential net N mineralization (Rmin)(A) and nitrification (Rnit)(B) rates in the meadow steppe in Nei Mongol (mean ± SD, n = 3). AU, CO(NH2)2; AS, (NH4)2SO4; AN, NH4NO3; AC, NH4HCO3; AR, slow-release urea. Comparison was performed with different N forms within the same N level. Different lowercase letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

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不同形态和水平的氮添加对内蒙古草甸草原土壤净氮矿化潜力的影响

Effects of different forms and levels of N additions on soil potential net N mineralization rate in meadow steppe, Nei Mongol, China

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