耕作方式及施氮量对砂姜黑土区小麦氮代谢及籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00072

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确砂姜黑土区小麦(Triticum aestivum)产量和品质形成的耕作方式及施氮量最优组合, 在大田试验条件下, 以深松、旋耕和常规耕作3种耕作方式为主区, 0、120、225、330 kg·hm^-2 4个施氮量为副区, 研究了不同耕作方式及施氮量组合对小麦拔节后氮代谢、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明, 随着生育期的推进, 叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、游离氨基酸含量和可溶性蛋白含量均呈先升后降的趋势, 深松方式配合中高氮处理的峰值在花后10天, 而常规耕作和旋耕的4个施氮处理以及深松的低氮处理峰值多在开花期。与常规耕作和旋耕相比, 深松耕作显著降低了10-40 cm的土壤容重, 提高了土壤总空隙度和根干质量, 有利于中后期根系氮素吸收。耕作方式和施氮量对籽粒产量和蛋白质含量影响显著, 均以深松方式最高。3种耕作方式下小麦产量和蛋白质含量均随施氮量增加而增加, 籽粒产量以深松方式配合330 kg·hm^-2施氮量最高, 而常规耕作和旋耕方式的产量在施氮量为225 kg·hm^-2时达到最大。3种耕作方式下籽粒蛋白质含量均以施氮225 kg·hm^-2最高。因此, 在砂姜黑土区宜采用深松耕作方式配合适宜的施氮量, 以改善土壤条件, 促进根系氮素吸收, 延长叶片功能期, 达到产量与蛋白品质提升之目的。

关键词: 氮代谢, 施氮量, 蛋白质含量, 耕作方式, 小麦, 产量

Abstract:

Aims The purpose of this study was to determine a suitable combination of tillage method and nitrogen rate to improve wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield and protein content in lime concretion black soil.
Methods Under the field experimental conditions, three tillage methods (subsoiling and rotary tillage, rotary tillage, and conventional tillage) were used as the main treatments, and four nitrogen application rates (0, 120, 225 and 330 kg·hm^-2) were used as sub-treatments. Nitrogen assimilation after jointing stage, grain yield, and protein content were determined in wheat plants to study the effects of different tillage methods and nitrogen application rate on these variables.
Important findings Results showed that the glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, free amino acid content, and soluble protein content in wheat plants initially increased and then decreased during growth. The peaks of GS activity, free amino acid content, and soluble protein content occurred 10 days after flowering in the subsoiling treatment with 225 or 330 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen application rate, and at the flowering stage for other treatment combinations. Compared with the conventional tillage and rotary tillage, the bulk density of 10 to 40 cm soil in the subsoiling treatment was significantly reduced, and the soil total porosity and root dry weight were significantly increased. Tillage method and nitrogen application rate had a significant impact on grain yield and protein content in wheat plants. Grain yield and protein content were highest in the subsoiling treatment. Regardless of the tillage method, the grain yield and protein content both increased with increasing nitrogen application rate. The grain yield in the subsoiling treatment was highest with nitrogen application rate at 330 kg·hm^-2, whereas the outputs of conventional tillage and rotary tillage were peaked at nitrogen application rate of 225 kg·hm^-2. The grain protein content was highest at nitrogen application rate of 225 kg·hm^-2under the three tillage methods. Thus, subsoiling with optimum nitrogen rate should be promoted in lime concretion black soil. Subsoiling increased grain yield and protein quality by improving soil conditions and the absorption of root systems for soil nitrogen.

Key words: nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen addition rate, protein content, tillage, wheat, yield

熊淑萍, 王静, 王小纯, 丁世杰, 马新明. 耕作方式及施氮量对砂姜黑土区小麦氮代谢及籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(7): 767-775. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00072

XIONG Shu-Ping, WANG Jing, WANG Xiao-Chun, DING Shi-Jie, MA Xin-Ming. Effects of tillage and nitrogen addition rate on nitrogen metabolism, grain yield and protein content in wheat in lime concretion black soil region. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(7): 767-775. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00072

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00072

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2014/V38/I7/767

图/表 6

图1 不同耕作方式及施氮处理小麦功能叶的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性(平均值±标准误差)。AF1, 花后10天; AF2, 花后20天; AF3, 花后30天; FS, 开花期; JS, 拔节期。CT, 常规耕作; RT, 旋耕; ST, 深松。N0, 不施氮; N120, 施氮120 kg·hm-2; N225, 施氮225 kg·hm-2; N330, 施氮330 kg·hm-2。

Fig. 1 Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in functional leaves of wheat plants under different tillage methods and N application rates (mean ± SE). AF1, 10 days after flowering; AF2, 20 days after flowering; AF3, 30 days after flowering; FS, flowering stage; JS, jointing stage. CT, conventional tillage; RT, rotary tillage; ST, subsoiling. N0, no nitrogen addition; N120, 120 kg·hm-2 nitrogen addition; N225, 225 kg·hm-2 nitrogen addition; N330, 330 kg·hm-2 nitrogen addition.

图2 不同耕作方式及施氮处理小麦功能叶的游离氨基酸含量(平均值±标准误差)。AF1, 花后10天; AF2, 花后20天; AF3, 花后30天; FS, 开花期; JS, 拔节期。CT, 常规耕作; RT, 旋耕; ST, 深松。N0、N120、N225、N330同图1。

Fig. 2 Free amino acid content in functional leaves of wheat plants under different tillage methods and N application rates (mean ± SE). AF1, 10 days after flowering; AF2, 20 days after flowering; AF3, 30 days after flowering; FS, flowering stage; JS, jointing stage. CT, conventional tillage; RT, rotary tillage; ST, subsoiling. N0, N120, N225, N330, see Fig. 1.

图3 不同耕作方式及施氮处理小麦功能叶的可溶性蛋白含量(平均值±标准误差)。AF1, 花后10天; AF2, 花后20天; AF3, 花后30天; FS, 开花期; JS, 拔节期。CT, 常规耕作; RT, 旋耕; ST, 深松。N0、N120、N225、N330同图1。

Fig. 3 Soluble protein content in functional leaves of wheat plants under different tillage methods and N application rates (mean ± SE). AF1, 10 days after flowering; AF2, 20 days after flowering; AF3, 30 days after flowering; FS, flowering stage; JS, jointing stage. CT, conventional tillage; RT, rotary tillage; ST, subsoiling. N0, N120, N225, N330, see Fig. 1.

图4 不同耕作方式及施氮处理小麦功能叶的全氮含量(平均值±标准误差)。AF1, 花后10天; AF2, 花后20天; AF3, 花后30天; FS, 开花期; JS, 拔节期。CT, 常规耕作; RT, 旋耕; ST, 深松。N0、N120、N225、N330同图1。

Fig. 4 Total nitrogen content in functional leaves of wheat plants under different tillage methods and N application rates (mean ± SE). AF1, 10 days after flowering; AF2, 20 days after flowering; AF3, 30 days after flowering; FS, flowering stage; JS, jointing stage. CT, conventional tillage; RT, rotary tillage; ST, subsoiling. N0, N120, N225, N330, see Fig. 1.

表1 不同耕作方式下不同土层的土壤含水量、容重、总孔隙度及根干质量

Table 1 Soil water content, soil bulk density, soil total porosity and root dry mass in different soil layers under different tillage patterns

土层 Soil layer (cm)	耕作方式 Tillage method	土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm^-3)	土壤含水量 Soil water content (%)	总孔隙度 Soil total porosity (%)	根干质量 Root dry weight (g·10^-4·cm^-3)
0-10	常规 CT	1.25^a	27.34^a	47.19^c	15.45^c
	深松 ST	1.16^b	25.63^b	52.14^b	22.05^b
	旋耕 RT	1.08^c	27.99^a	55.95^a	25.48^a
10-20	常规 CT	1.43^b	25.88^b	37.24^b	4.80^b
	深松 ST	1.36^c	26.71^a	42.26^a	11.05^a
	旋耕 RT	1.51^a	25.72^b	31.31^c	3.50^c
20-40	常规 CT	1.44^a	30.17^b	36.29^b	4.71^b
	深松 ST	1.35^bc	30.65^a	41.33^a	7.14^a
	旋耕 RT	1.38^ab	30.38^ab	38.63^b	2.85^c

表2 不同耕作方式及施氮处理小麦的产量及蛋白质含量

Table 2 Grain yield and protein content in wheat plants under different tillage patterns and N application rates

耕作方式 Tillage method	施氮量 Nitrogen rate	穗数 Spike (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Number of kernels per ear	千粒重 10³grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (10³kg·hm^-2)	籽粒蛋白含量 Grain protein content (%)
常规 CT	N0	367^d	26.6^b	39.93^c	3.31^d	10.68^c
	N120	434^c	40.4^a	44.72^b	6.66^c	12.16^b
	N225	490^a	41.6^a	45.51^a	7.89^a	13.52^a
	N330	467^b	42.1^a	44.88^b	7.48^b	13.34^a
	平均值 Average	439.5^Bb	37.7^Bb	43.76^Aab	6.34^Bb	12.43^ABb
深松 ST	N0	380^b	27.9^c	40.38^d	3.64^d	10.98^c
	N120	481^a	42.2^b	43.86^c	7.57^c	13.26^b
	N225	489^a	43.1^ab	46.16^b	8.27^b	14.00^a
	N330	499^a	43.9^a	47.64^a	8.87^a	13.26^b
	平均值 Average	462.25^Aa	39.3^Aa	44.51^Aa	7.09^Aa	12.88^Aa
旋耕 RT	N0	313^c	23.5^c	40.12^c	2.51^d	10.46^c
	N120	437^b	34.4^b	43.94^b	5.61^c	11.33^b
	N225	458^a	42.2^a	44.99^a	7.39^a	12.13^a
	N330	438^b	42.9^a	43.36^b	6.93^b	11.91^ab
	平均值 Average	412^Cc	35.75^Cc	43.10^Bb	5.61^Cc	11.46^Cc
耕作方式 Tillage method	F值 F-value	41.25^**	20.99^**	117.21^**	43.44^**	111.40^**
施氮水平 Nitrogen level	F值 F-value	267.88^**	353.68^**	496.89^**	942.79^**	330.49^**
耕作×施氮 Tillage × Nitrogen	F值 F-value	19.72^**	11.07^**	45.10^**	11.06^**	22.08^**

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