内蒙古典型草原区3种不同草地利用模式下植物功能群及其多样性的变化

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以呼伦贝尔草原辉河国家级自然保护区草原群落为研究对象, 选取3块生境条件基本相同的样地(250 m × 250 m) ——放牧场、割草场及公共草场, 每块样地设置3条样带, 每条样带上设置8个样方(1 m × 1 m), 研究了不同草地利用模式下草原群落的物种组成、生物多样性及群落的功能群特征。结果表明: 在放牧场、割草场和公共草场3种不同利用模式下, 植物功能群结构及其多样性发生了变化。灌木、半灌木的累积优势度在各利用模式间差异显著( p< 0.05), 在割草场中最高; 多年生禾草的累积优势度在各利用模式间差异显著(p< 0.05); 一、二年生草本的累积优势度在各利用模式间差异显著(p< 0.05)。旱生植物功能群在公共草场中所占比例最高, 为50%; 中旱生植物在割草场中的百分比最低, 为19%, 且在各利用模式间差异显著(p< 0.05); 各利用模式下, 灌木、半灌木功能群生物量均较低; 随着割草场、公共草场及放牧场3种草地利用模式下利用强度的增加, 多年生禾草和多年生杂类草两大功能群的生物量递减, 而一、二年生草本功能群生物量递增。草地利用强度的增加, 使得草地植物群落结构简单、脆弱。丰富度指数和多样性指数在放牧场最低, 在割草场最高; 均匀度变化并不明显。割草场利用模式有助于改善草原的健康状况, 而放牧场及公共草场利用模式均存在不同程度的过度放牧现象, 尤其是公共草场利用模式由于所有权不明确而缺乏有效的管理, 导致草原退化明显。

关键词: 生物多样性, 功能群, 草地利用模式, 典型草原区

Abstract:

Aims Our objectives were to reveal changes in plant functional groups and species diversity under three grassland using modes in typical steppe of Inner Mongolia, China.
Methods Three plots in similar habitats were selected from the Hulunbeier steppe area of the Hui River National Nature Reserve: an meadow plot (controlled utilization), pasture plot (moderate utilization) and public pasture plot (severe utilization). Plots were 250 m × 250 m and consisted of three sample belts separated by 20 m. Each sample belt had eight 1 m × 1 m sample plots.
Important findings There were differences in species composition and community characteristics of the functional groups. Shrubs and sub-shrubs combined were significantly different (p< 0.05) among the plots, with the highest value in meadow. Perennial grasses were significantly different (p< 0.05). Annual and biennial herbs combined had significant differences (p < 0.05), with the highest value in the public pasture. The public pasture also had the highest percentage of the xerophyte functional group (50%) and the lowest mesoxerophyte and mesophyte (19%), and differences were significant ( p< 0.05) among the plots. The biomass of shrubs and sub-shrubs were lower in all plots. The combined biomass of perennial grasses and forbs decreased with the increase in grassland use intensity among meadow, pasture and public pasture, while the combined biomass of annual and biennial herbs increased. With the increase in use intensity, the community structure and composition tended to become simplified and susceptible to change. Richness and diversity were lowest in the pasture and highest in meadow. Differences in evenness were not significant. The use of meadow contributed to improving the health of the grassland, but pasture and public pasture exhibited over-grazing phenomena. The public pasture had degraded significantly because of the uncertainty about property responsibility and ineffective management.

Key words: biological diversity, functional group, grassland using modes, typical grassland area

马建军, 姚虹, 冯朝阳, 张树礼. 内蒙古典型草原区3种不同草地利用模式下植物功能群及其多样性的变化. 植物生态学报, 2012, 36(1): 1-9. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00001

MA Jian-Jun, YAO Hong, FENG Zhao-Yang, ZHANG Shu-Li. Changes in plant functional groups and species diversity under three grassland using modes in typical grassland area of Inner Mongolia, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2012, 36(1): 1-9. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00001

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图/表 7

参考文献 31

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草地利用模式 Grassland using mode	地理位置 Location	海拔 Altitude (m)	地形 Landform	备注 Notes
割草场 Meadow	119°07′30″ E, 48°32′57″ N	696	平坦 Flat	秋季打草场, 兼做冬季放牧场。放牧时间: 9-11月。适度利用。 As meadow in autumn and grazing in winter. Grazing time: September to November. Controlled utilization.
放牧场 Pasture	118°53′19″ E, 48°36′42″ N	690	平坦 Flat	作为春夏季放牧场。放牧时间: 3-8月。中度利用。 As pasture in spring and summer. Grazing time: March to August. Moderate utilization.
公共草场 Public pasture	119°02′23″ E, 48°31′35″N	699	平坦 Flat	作为公共草场。放牧时间: 全年。重度利用。 As public pasture. Grazing time: throughout the year. Severe utilization.

草地利用模式 Grassland using mode	地理位置 Location	海拔 Altitude (m)	地形 Landform	备注 Notes
割草场 Meadow	119°07′30″ E, 48°32′57″ N	696	平坦 Flat	秋季打草场, 兼做冬季放牧场。放牧时间: 9-11月。适度利用。 As meadow in autumn and grazing in winter. Grazing time: September to November. Controlled utilization.
放牧场 Pasture	118°53′19″ E, 48°36′42″ N	690	平坦 Flat	作为春夏季放牧场。放牧时间: 3-8月。中度利用。 As pasture in spring and summer. Grazing time: March to August. Moderate utilization.
公共草场 Public pasture	119°02′23″ E, 48°31′35″N	699	平坦 Flat	作为公共草场。放牧时间: 全年。重度利用。 As public pasture. Grazing time: throughout the year. Severe utilization.

功能群 Functional group	草地利用模式 Grassland using mode
功能群 Functional group	放牧场 Pasture	割草场 Meadow	公共草场 Public pasture
灌木、半灌木 Shrub, subshrub	差巴嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendron)-X	小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)-X	-
灌木、半灌木 Shrub, subshrub	-	冷蒿(Stipa grandis)-X	-
多年生禾草 Perennial grasses	羊草(Leymus chinensis)-M	羊草(Leymus chinensis)-M	羊草(Leymus chinensis)-M
	蒙古冰草(Agropyron mongolicum)-M	蒙古冰草(Agropyron mongolicum)-M	蒙古冰草(Agropyron mongolicum)-M
	糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)-M	糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)-M	糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)-M
	狼针草(Stipa baicalensis)-X	狼针草(Stipa baicalensis)-X	-
	-	草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)-M	-
	-	菭草(Koeleria cristata)-M	-
多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs	寸草薹(Carex duriuscula)-Mx	寸草薹(Carex duriuscula)-Mx	寸草薹(Carex duriuscula)-Mx
	花苜蓿(Medicago ruthenica)-X	花苜蓿(Medicago ruthenica)-X	达乌里蕊巴(Cymbaria dahurica)-X
	翻白草(Potentilla discolor)-M	翻白草(Potentilla discolor)-M	翻白草(Potentilla discolor)-M
	乳白黄耆(Astragalus galactites)-M	麻花头(Serratula centauroides)-Mx	麻花头(Serratula centauroides)-Mx
	碱韭(Allium polyrhizum)-MX	矮韭(Allium anisopodium)-MX	碱地风毛菊(Saussurea runcinata)-X
	线叶菊(Filifolium sibiricum)-Mx	二裂萎陵菜(Potentilla bifurca)-Mx	两栖蓼(Polygonum amphibium)-M
	地蔷薇(Chamaerhodos erecta)-M	唐松草(Thalictrum aquilegifolium var.sibiricum)-Mx	-
	-	小花花旗竿(Dontostemon micranthus)-M	-
	-	黄戴戴(Ranunculus ruthenicus)-H	-
	-	细叶鸢尾(Iris tenuifolia)-X	马蔺(Iris lactea var. chinensis)-X
	-	狭叶柴胡(Bupleurum scorzonerifolium)-M	-
一、二年生草本 Annual or biennial herb	猪毛菜(Salsola collina)-X	狼毒(Euphorbia fischeriana)-X	星星草(Eragrostis pilosa)-X
	灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucum)-X	篷子菜(Galium verum)-Mx	蒲公英(Taraxacum officinale)-X
	虫实(Corispermum declinatum)-X	-	尖头叶藜(Chenopodium acuminatum)-X
	独行菜(Lepidium apetalum)-Mx	-	独行菜(Lepidium apetalum)-Mx
	鹤虱(Carpesium abrotanoides)-X	-	碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)-X
	-	-	石竹(Dianthus chinensis)-X
合计 Total	17	21	16

功能群 Functional group	草地利用模式 Grassland using mode
功能群 Functional group	放牧场 Pasture	割草场 Meadow	公共草场 Public pasture
灌木、半灌木 Shrub, subshrub	差巴嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendron)-X	小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)-X	-
灌木、半灌木 Shrub, subshrub	-	冷蒿(Stipa grandis)-X	-
多年生禾草 Perennial grasses	羊草(Leymus chinensis)-M	羊草(Leymus chinensis)-M	羊草(Leymus chinensis)-M
	蒙古冰草(Agropyron mongolicum)-M	蒙古冰草(Agropyron mongolicum)-M	蒙古冰草(Agropyron mongolicum)-M
	糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)-M	糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)-M	糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)-M
	狼针草(Stipa baicalensis)-X	狼针草(Stipa baicalensis)-X	-
	-	草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)-M	-
	-	菭草(Koeleria cristata)-M	-
多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs	寸草薹(Carex duriuscula)-Mx	寸草薹(Carex duriuscula)-Mx	寸草薹(Carex duriuscula)-Mx
	花苜蓿(Medicago ruthenica)-X	花苜蓿(Medicago ruthenica)-X	达乌里蕊巴(Cymbaria dahurica)-X
	翻白草(Potentilla discolor)-M	翻白草(Potentilla discolor)-M	翻白草(Potentilla discolor)-M
	乳白黄耆(Astragalus galactites)-M	麻花头(Serratula centauroides)-Mx	麻花头(Serratula centauroides)-Mx
	碱韭(Allium polyrhizum)-MX	矮韭(Allium anisopodium)-MX	碱地风毛菊(Saussurea runcinata)-X
	线叶菊(Filifolium sibiricum)-Mx	二裂萎陵菜(Potentilla bifurca)-Mx	两栖蓼(Polygonum amphibium)-M
	地蔷薇(Chamaerhodos erecta)-M	唐松草(Thalictrum aquilegifolium var.sibiricum)-Mx	-
	-	小花花旗竿(Dontostemon micranthus)-M	-
	-	黄戴戴(Ranunculus ruthenicus)-H	-
	-	细叶鸢尾(Iris tenuifolia)-X	马蔺(Iris lactea var. chinensis)-X
	-	狭叶柴胡(Bupleurum scorzonerifolium)-M	-
一、二年生草本 Annual or biennial herb	猪毛菜(Salsola collina)-X	狼毒(Euphorbia fischeriana)-X	星星草(Eragrostis pilosa)-X
	灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucum)-X	篷子菜(Galium verum)-Mx	蒲公英(Taraxacum officinale)-X
	虫实(Corispermum declinatum)-X	-	尖头叶藜(Chenopodium acuminatum)-X
	独行菜(Lepidium apetalum)-Mx	-	独行菜(Lepidium apetalum)-Mx
	鹤虱(Carpesium abrotanoides)-X	-	碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)-X
	-	-	石竹(Dianthus chinensis)-X
合计 Total	17	21	16

草地利用模式 Grassland using mode	香农-韦弗指数 Shannon- Weaver index	Patrick丰富度指数 Patrick richness index	Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index
割草场 Meadow	2.01^a	21.00^a	0.67^a
放牧场 Pasture	1.61^b	17.00^b	0.65^a
公共草场 Public pasture	1.95^a	16.00^b	0.70^a