沙丘多枝柽柳灌丛根层土壤含水量变化特征与根系水力提升证据

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.01033

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

分析干旱区深根型荒漠植物的根层土壤水分是揭示荒漠植物与土壤水分关系机理的重要方面。在黑河中游一片风沙侵蚀区域的多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)人工林地中, 对表层0.3 m到3 m深的土壤不同深度的含水量进行了连续的动态观测。结果显示, 多枝柽柳根系层土壤含水量可以分为明显不同的3层: 浅层(0.2-1.7 m深)相对湿润层、中间(1.7-2.7 m深)相对干层和深层(2.7 m以下)有效含水层。在多枝柽柳生长盛期, 浅层相对湿润层土壤含水量呈现明显的昼夜变化特征, 同时, 在晚上植物根系与浅层土壤之间存在正水势梯度, 这说明存在根系水力提升现象。水力提升是干旱气候下根层浅层土壤含水量保持相对湿润的主要原因, 并因此维系浅层根系的发育, 也为多枝柽柳具备的防风固沙功能提供了可能的解释。据初步估算, 多枝柽柳根系水力提升占每天耗水量的5%-8%, 耗水的主要水分来源仍然是充足的土壤深层有效含水层。

关键词: 水力提升, 土壤水, 土壤含水量, 多枝柽柳

Abstract:

Aims Soil water in the root zone is a direct water source for desert phreatophytes; however, the significance of soil water for desert phreatophytes has been ignored. Instead, research has focused on the relationship between groundwater and desert phreatophytes. Our objectives were to explore spatial and temporal changes in soil water content in the root zone of Tamarix ramosissima, analyze the significance of soil water to the shrub and reveal root hydraulic lift phenomenon and its ecological effects.
Methods Soil volumetric water content was measured every half hour during the booming growth period of T. ramosissima by frequency domain capacitance sensors. The sensors were located at soil depths of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, 2.7 and 3.0 m.
Important findings The soil water profile can be divided into three layers: shallow relatively wet layer (0.2-1.7 m), middle relatively dry layer (1.7-2.7 m), and deep available water layer. In the shallow relatively wet layer, the soil water content showed obvious diurnal variation, decreased in daytime and increased at night. At the same time, no similar variation of soil water content in the other two layers was observed. Concurrent measurement and comparison of the plant stem water potential and the soil water potential in the shallow relatively wet layer suggested that a positive water potential gradient in root-soil interface would exist at night, which is the physical basis of water efflux from root to soil. The root hydraulic lift of T. ramosissima is the main reason that the shallow soil layer was relatively wet under the arid climate. Further root sampling determined that fine roots in the shallow soil layer were greatly developed, which indicated that the hydraulically lifted water maintained the development of shallow fine roots and ensured root activity. The great development of shallow roots is a probable explanation for the sand-fixation function of T. ramosissima. It was estimated that the percentage of hydraulically lifted water to the daily evapotranspiration in T. ramosissima stand was about 5%-8%. Water from the deep layer accounted for most water consumption of T. ramosissima, which is jointly controlled by soil texture, root uptake and the groundwater table.

Key words: hydraulic lift, soil water, soil water content, Tamarix ramosissima

袁国富, 张佩, 薛沙沙, 庄伟. 沙丘多枝柽柳灌丛根层土壤含水量变化特征与根系水力提升证据. 植物生态学报, 2012, 36(10): 1033-1042. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.01033

YUAN Guo-Fu, ZHANG Pei, XUE Sha-Sha, ZHUANG Wei. Change characteristics in soil water content in root zone and evidence of root hydraulic lift in Tamarix ramosissima thickets on sand dunes. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2012, 36(10): 1033-1042. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.01033

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.01033

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2012/V36/I10/1033

图/表 7

表1 观测场地两种质地土壤的主要物理参数

Table 1 Main physical parameters of soil with two textures in observation site

	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	田间持水量 Field capacity (cm³·cm^-3)	凋萎系数 Wilting point (cm³·cm^-3)	饱和导水率 Saturated hydraulic conductivity (cm·min^-1)	水分特征曲线函数 Soil water characteristic curve function
黄沙土 Yellow sand soil	1.58	0.052	0.028	0.33	ψ_m= -200.38e^-173.83^θ
青沙土 Grey sand soil	1.64	0.038	0.014	0.77	ψ_m= -16.875e^-181.49^θ

图1 观测期间降水量与地下水位的变化(2010年)。

Fig. 1 Changes of precipitation and groundwater table during observation period of 2010.

图2 观测期间土壤含水量和土壤基质势的剖面分布特征。A, 土壤含水量。B, 相对有效含水量。C, 土壤基质势。

Fig. 2 Profile characteristics of soil water content and soil matric potential during observation period. A, Soil water content. B, Available water fraction. C, Soil matric potential.

图3 不同层次土壤含水量的逐日变化(2010年)。

Fig. 3 Daily variation of soil water content in different soil layers (2010).

图4 不同层次土壤含水量的昼夜变化。A, 浅层(0.2-1.7 m)。B, 中间层(1.7-2.9 m)。C, 深层(2.9-3.2 m)。

Fig. 4 Diurnal variations of soil water content in different soil layers. A, Shallow layer (0.2-1.7 m). B, Middle layer (1.7-2.9 m). C, Deep layer (2.9-3.2 m).

图5 2010年8月26-27日全天24小时多枝柽柳茎水势与浅层(0.2-1.7 m)土壤基质势变化的比较(平均值±标准偏差)。

Fig. 5 Comparisons of stem water potential of Tamarix ramosissima and soil matric potential in the shallow soil layer (0.2- 1.7 m) during a 24-hour period at 26-27 August 2010 (mean ± SD).

图6 多枝柽柳根系吸收根表面积垂直分布特征。

Fig. 6 Characteristics of vertical distribution of surface area of the feeder root of Tamarix ramasissima.

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