青藏高原高寒沼泽湿地在退化梯度上植物群落组成的改变对湿地水分状况的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00403

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对青藏高原东缘玛曲高寒沼泽湿地分属于15科的47种主要植物进行光合测定, 结合对不同退化类型植物群落的样方调查, 分析了各种植物之间以及不同功能群之间的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率等光合参数的差异。结果表明: 1)玛曲高寒湿地的主要物种在净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率4个光合特性参数上的差异显著, 表明各植物种以各自独特的方式适应高寒湿地环境; 在功能群水平上, 各功能群之间的差异亦显著。光合速率从大到小依次为禾草>莎草>豆科和其他双子叶类杂草, 水分利用效率则是莎草>禾草>豆科和其他双子叶类杂草; 2)湿地退化导致其群落组成发生明显改变, 其中最明显的特点是双子叶类杂草的比例大大增加; 而双子叶类杂草普遍较低的水分利用效率将会增大土壤水分通过光合作用的蒸腾散失, 在大气降水对水分补充变化不大的条件下, 这将会进一步加剧群落生境的干旱化, 不利于退化湿地的恢复和附近湿地的保护。研究结果表明, 在湿地保护和退化湿地恢复过程中, 典型湿地土著物种的保存和补充具有重要意义。

关键词: 高寒湿地, 退化, 光合生理特征, 植物群落, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

Aims Wetlands degradation has drawn increased concern recently. Many researchers have reported the changes of plant communities and the relevant degradation mechanism of wetlands. However, few studies have explored the effects of plant community change on the water conditions of swamp meadow. Our objective was to investigate how change of alpine swamp meadow along degradation gradients affects its water conditions.
Methods The study was conducted at the Research Station of Alpine Meadow and Wetland Ecosystems of Lanzhou University (Maqu Branch Station) (33°39′ N, 101°53′ E). We examined 47 species (15 families) selected from a degradation gradient of alpine swamp meadow. Net photosynthesis rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r) and stomatal conductance (G_s) were measured simultaneously with a portable gas exchange system LI-6400 (Li-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA). Measurements were performed from 9:00 am to 12:00 am on clear days in mid-July and mid-August, using photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) = 1 800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1and flow = 750 μmol·s^-1. The value of water use efficiency (WUE) was determined by P_n/T_r. We also investigated the cover of different functional groups (grasses, sedges, legumes and other forbs) at different degradation levels.
Important findings The photosynthetic physiology traits were different among species and functional groups (p < 0.01). The sequence of P_n values of functional groups was grasses > sedges > legumes and other forbs, and WUE was sedges > grasses > legumes and other forbs. Species composition of the plant community had been changed due to the degradation of the swamp meadow. The abundance of forbs increased with degradation. WUE was lower for forbs than other functional groups, which implied that more soil water is transpired, exacerbating the drought condition of degraded meadows. Successful restoration requires protection and replenishment of the typical native species.

Key words: alpine wetland, degradation, photosynthetic physiology trait, plant community, water use efficiency

李宏林, 徐当会, 杜国祯. 青藏高原高寒沼泽湿地在退化梯度上植物群落组成的改变对湿地水分状况的影响. 植物生态学报, 2012, 36(5): 403-410. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00403

LI Hong-Lin, XU Dang-Hui, DU Guo-Zhen. Effect of change of plant community composition along degradation gradients on water conditions in an alpine swamp wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2012, 36(5): 403-410. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00403

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00403

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2012/V36/I5/403

图/表 5

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退化梯度 Degradation gradient	主要植物种 Main plant species	盖度 Coverage (%)	高度 Height (cm)	土壤含水量 Soil water content (v/v %)
典型湿地 Typical wetland	乌拉薹草 Carex meyeriana、华扁穗草 Blysmus sinocompressus	85-98	36.7 ± 1.44	56.9 ± 0.77
中度退化 Moderate degradation	线叶嵩草 Kobresia capilifolia、垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans、鹅绒委陵菜 Potentilla anserina、矮地榆 Sanguisorba filiformis、甘松 Nardostachys chinensis	90-95	24.3 ± 0.87	49.4 ± 0.63
重度退化 Heavy degradation	甘肃薹草 Carex kansuensis、胡氏剪股颖 Agrostis hugoniana、鹅绒委陵菜 Potentilla anserina、长毛风毛菊 Saussurea hieracioides、巴天酸模 Rumex patientia、黄帚橐吾 Ligularia virgaurea	87-94	9.5 ± 0.49	43.3 ± 1.00

退化梯度 Degradation gradient	主要植物种 Main plant species	盖度 Coverage (%)	高度 Height (cm)	土壤含水量 Soil water content (v/v %)
典型湿地 Typical wetland	乌拉薹草 Carex meyeriana、华扁穗草 Blysmus sinocompressus	85-98	36.7 ± 1.44	56.9 ± 0.77
中度退化 Moderate degradation	线叶嵩草 Kobresia capilifolia、垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans、鹅绒委陵菜 Potentilla anserina、矮地榆 Sanguisorba filiformis、甘松 Nardostachys chinensis	90-95	24.3 ± 0.87	49.4 ± 0.63
重度退化 Heavy degradation	甘肃薹草 Carex kansuensis、胡氏剪股颖 Agrostis hugoniana、鹅绒委陵菜 Potentilla anserina、长毛风毛菊 Saussurea hieracioides、巴天酸模 Rumex patientia、黄帚橐吾 Ligularia virgaurea	87-94	9.5 ± 0.49	43.3 ± 1.00

功能群 Functional group	净光合速率P_n Net photosynthesis rate (μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	气孔导度G_s Stomatal conductance (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)	蒸腾速率T_r Transpiration rate (mmol H₂O·m^-2·s^-1)	水分利用效率WUE Water use efficiency (μmol CO₂·mmol^-1 H₂O)
禾草 Grass	54.5 ± 1.79^a	0.13 ± 0.11^a	14.2 ± 0.28^a	3.9 ± 0.18^b
莎草 Sedge	58.2 ± 2.64^a	0.41 ± 0.02^b	9.2 ± 0.52^b	6.6 ± 0.14^a
豆科 Legume	32.0 ± 1.78^b	0.46 ± 0.02^bc	9.7 ± 0.45^b	3.5 ± 0.17^bc
其他双子叶类杂草 Other forb	33.0 ± 0.93^b	0.53 ± 0.01^c	10.0 ± 0.16^b	3.2 ± 0.06^c

功能群 Functional group	净光合速率P_n Net photosynthesis rate (μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	气孔导度G_s Stomatal conductance (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)	蒸腾速率T_r Transpiration rate (mmol H₂O·m^-2·s^-1)	水分利用效率WUE Water use efficiency (μmol CO₂·mmol^-1 H₂O)
禾草 Grass	54.5 ± 1.79^a	0.13 ± 0.11^a	14.2 ± 0.28^a	3.9 ± 0.18^b
莎草 Sedge	58.2 ± 2.64^a	0.41 ± 0.02^b	9.2 ± 0.52^b	6.6 ± 0.14^a
豆科 Legume	32.0 ± 1.78^b	0.46 ± 0.02^bc	9.7 ± 0.45^b	3.5 ± 0.17^bc
其他双子叶类杂草 Other forb	33.0 ± 0.93^b	0.53 ± 0.01^c	10.0 ± 0.16^b	3.2 ± 0.06^c

植物种 Plant species	科 Family	P_n (μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	G_s (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)	T_r (mmol H₂O·m^-2·s^-1)	WUE (μmol CO₂·mmol^-1 H₂O)
草	禾本科	59.4 ± 0.94	0.07 ± 0.00	12.2 ± 0.34	4.9 ± 0.06
Koeleria macrantha	Gramineae
密花早熟禾	禾本科	44.2 ± 0.85	0.16 ± 0.00	15.1 ± 0.32	2.9 ± 0.02
Poa pachyantha	Gramineae
垂穗披碱草	禾本科	46.0 ± 1.19	0.23 ± 0.01	15.8 ± 0.51	2.9 ± 0.02
Elymus nutans	Gramineae
胡氏剪股颍	禾本科	71.2 ± 1.61	0.06 ± 0.00	13.2 ± 0.18	5.4 ± 0.19
Agrostis hugoniana	Gramineae
大华嵩草	莎草科	65.0 ± 0.58	0.43 ± 0.02	10.1 ± 0.32	6.5 ± 0.28
Kobresia macrantha	Cyperaceae
乌拉薹草	莎草科	27.7 ± 1.39	0.17 ± 0.01	3.9 ± 0.22	7.2 ± 0.18
Carex meyeriana	Cyperaceae
甘肃薹草	莎草科	65.2 ± 3.25	0.51 ± 0.06	11.0 ± 1.09	6.4 ± 0.44
Carex kansuensis	Cyperaceae
华扁穗草	莎草科	70.2 ± 1.29	0.54 ± 0.01	11.6 ± 0.22	6.1 ± 0.11
Blysmus sinocompressus	Cyperaceae
线叶嵩草	莎草科	75.8 ± 0.21	0.40 ± 0.00	11.0 ± 0.05	6.9 ± 0.02
Kobresia capilifolia	Cyperaceae
唐古特岩黄芪	豆科	25.7 ± 1.13	0.21 ± 0.03	5.8 ± 0.60	4.8 ± 0.36
Hedysarum tanguticum	Leguminosae
高山豆	豆科	30.8 ± 0.54	0.55 ± 0.02	12.3 ± 0.42	2.5 ± 0.09
Tibetia himalaica	Leguminosae
多枝黄芪	豆科	40.3 ± 0.97	0.39 ± 0.03	10.7 ± 0.68	3.9 ± 0.21
Astragalus polycladus	Leguminosae
广布野豌豆	豆科	67.0 ± 1.76	0.63 ± 0.00	14.6 ± 0.09	4.6 ± 0.15
Vicia cracca	Leguminosae
甘肃棘豆	豆科	19.8 ± 0.59	0.61 ± 0.02	8.2 ± 0.22	2.4 ± 0.04
Oxytropis kansuensis	Leguminosae
莓叶委陵菜	蔷薇科	25.5 ± 2.08	0.15 ± 0.02	7.9 ± 0.83	3.3 ± 0.08
Potentilla fragarioides	Rosaceae
矮地榆	蔷薇科	37.3 ± 0.32	0.61 ± 0.03	10.6 ± 0.18	3.5 ± 0.04
Sanguisorba filiformis	Rosaceae
鹅绒委陵菜	蔷薇科	26.3 ± 0.44	0.54 ± 0.00	10.6 ± 0.17	2.5 ± 0.01
Potentilla anserine	Rosaceae
青藏大戟	大戟科	41.3 ± 2.21	0.07 ± 0.00	9.2 ± 0.32	4.5 ± 0.10
Euphorbia altotibetica	Euphorbiaceae
湿生扁蕾	龙胆科	19.5 ± 0.94	0.44 ± 0.01	9.0 ± 0.36	2.2 ± 0.06
Gentianopsis paludosa	Gentianaceae
椭圆叶花锚	龙胆科	31.3 ± 1.00	0.61 ± 0.04	9.6 ± 0.41	3.3 ± 0.11
Halenia elliptica	Gentianaceae
麻花艽	龙胆科	20.7 ± 0.85	0.33 ± 0.02	6.1 ± 0.21	3.5 ± 0.29
Gentiana straminea	Gentianaceae
长毛风毛菊	菊科	19.4 ± 0.23	0.71 ± 0.02	8.3 ± 0.10	2.3 ± 0.02
Saussurea hieracioides	Compositae
黄帚橐吾	菊科	19.8 ± 0.13	0.73 ± 0.02	9.7 ± 0.15	2.0 ± 0.04
Ligularia virgaurea	Compositae
侧茎垂头菊	菊科	23.3 ± 0.09	0.50 ± 0.01	8.0 ± 0.06	2.9 ± 0.01
Cremanthodium pleurocaule	Compositae
植物种 Plant species	科 Family	P_n (μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	G_s (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)	T_r (mmol H₂O·m^-2·s^-1)	WUE (μmol CO₂·mmol^-1 H₂O)
铃铃香青	菊科	46.6 ± 1.62	0.55 ± 0.05	10.3 ± 0.69	5.0 ± 0.57
Anaphalis hancockii	Compositae
香芸火绒草	菊科	65.7 ± 4.26	0.75 ± 0.09	13.8 ± 1.40	5.0 ± 0.25
Leontopodium haplophylloides	Compositae
大籽蒿	菊科	27.0 ± 2.19	0.54 ± 0.03	9.2 ± 0.36	2.9 ± 0.18
Artemisia sieversiana	Compositae
缘毛紫菀	菊科	25.4 ± 0.10	0.53 ± 0.01	9.0 ± 0.02	2.8 ± 0.02
Aster souliei	Compositae
珠芽蓼	蓼科	19.7 ± 0.16	0.45 ± 0.01	7.1 ± 0.12	2.8 ± 0.07
Polygonum viviparum	Polygonaceae
巴天酸模	蓼科	20.2 ± 0.79	0.40 ± 0.03	7.2 ± 0.32	2.8 ± 0.07
Rumex patientia	Polygonaceae
水生酸模	蓼科	17.0 ± 0.93	0.26 ± 0.01	6.5 ± 0.13	2.6 ± 0.11
Rumex aquaticus	Polygonaceae
西伯利亚蓼	蓼科	32.0 ± 0.72	0.61 ± 0.01	10.4 ± 0.17	3.1 ± 0.07
Polygonum sibiricum	Polygonaceae
小花草玉梅	毛茛科	19.3 ± 0.59	0.47 ± 0.02	10.3 ± 0.15	1.9 ± 0.05
Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore	Ranunculaceae
矮金莲花	毛茛科	22.0 ± 0.57	0.52 ± 0.05	9.4 ± 0.47	2.4 ± 0.07
Trollius farreri	Ranunculaceae
驴蹄草	毛茛科	20.5 ± 0.36	0.50 ± 0.02	8.7 ± 0.12	2.4 ± 0.08
Caltha palustris	Ranunculaceae
条叶银莲花	毛茛科	24.7 ± 0.92	0.46 ± 0.01	8.1 ± 0.22	3.1 ± 0.08
Anemone coelestina var. linearis	Ranunculaceae
丝叶毛茛	毛茛科	88.4 ± 1.46	0.67 ± 0.03	15.0 ± 0.52	5.9 ± 0.11
Panunculus tanguticus var. capillaceus	Ranunculaceae
高山唐松草	毛茛科	71.8 ± 3.55	0.44 ± 0.03	10.9 ± 0.64	6.7 ± 0.17
Thalictrum alpinum	Ranunculaceae
独一味	唇形科	19.3 ± 0.47	0.50 ± 0.01	9.0 ± 0.05	2.1 ± 0.04
Lamiophlomis rotata	Lamiaceae
矮泽芹	伞形科	38.6 ± 1.23	0.61 ± 0.01	10.2 ± 0.18	3.8 ± 0.07
Chamaesium paradoxum	Umbelliferae
甘松	败酱科	28.8 ± 0.29	0.42 ± 0.03	8.4 ± 0.38	3.5 ± 0.19
Nardostachys chinensis	Valerianaceae
平车前	车前科	24.6 ± 0.91	0.61 ± 0.03	11.5 ± 0.32	2.1 ± 0.07
Plantago depressa	Plantaginaceae
四川马先蒿	玄参科	77.9 ± 1.85	1.28 ± 0.04	22.4 ± 0.28	3.5 ± 0.08
Pedicularis szetschuanica	Scrophulariaceae
中国马先蒿	玄参科	30.5 ± 0.28	0.74 ± 0.01	13.0 ± 0.16	2.4 ± 0.04
Pedicularis chinensis	Scrophulariaceae
拟鼻花马先蒿	玄参科	61.3 ± 3.32	0.53 ± 0.05	12.9 ± 1.06	4.8 ± 0.14
Pedicularis rhinanthoides	Scrophulariaceae
肉果草	玄参科	26.2 ± 0.76	0.33 ± 0.02	7.4 ± 0.41	3.6 ± 0.11
Lancea tibetica	Scrophulariaceae
折被韭	百合科	52.9 ± 2.23	0.61 ± 0.01	12.2 ± 0.39	4.3 ± 0.05
Allium chrysocephalum	Liliaceae