磷肥对花生根系形态、生理特性及产量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00081

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用池栽, 测定不同施磷量对花生(Arachis hypogaea)根系性状、生理特性及产量的影响。结果表明: (1)结荚中期, 根系总长度、体积、表面积及根尖数量均随施磷量的增加而增加, 在施磷30-90 kg·hm^-2范围内, 施磷比不施磷4项指标分别增加3.5%-20.7%、9.3%-21.9%、9.7%-20.3%和12.6%-21.4%。特别是当施磷量超过60 kg·hm^-2时, 上述4项指标均显著高于不施磷处理; 施磷可使根系中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT) 3种酶活性分别提高12.7%-20.6%、14.8%-36.8%和17.0%-41.8%, 丙二醛(MDA)含量降低8.4%-19.5%, 根系活力和可溶性蛋白含量分别提高10.4%-25.0%、29.2%-53.5%; 同时, 施磷可使单株根瘤数量和鲜重分别增加10.7%-21.7%和22.6%-35.6%。(2)收获期, 除MDA含量随施磷量的增加而增加, SOD、POD和CAT活性, 根系活力和可溶性蛋白含量均随施磷量增加而呈降低趋势, 但多数指标施磷与不施磷及不同施磷量之间差异不显著。造成这一现象的原因与施磷后花生荚果库容增大, 对光合产物需求量增加, 导致植株和根系营养不良, 加速衰老有关。(3)花生单株结果数、生物产量、经济系数、出米率及产量均随施磷量的增加而增加, 其中产量的增加主要是通过生物产量和经济系数协同提高来实现的。

关键词: 花生, 磷肥, 生理特性, 根系形态, 产量

Abstract:

Aim Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important nutritional elements required by plants. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of P fertilizer on root morphology, physiological characteristics and yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea).
Methods Pool experiments were conducted to elucidate the influence of phosphorus application on peanut. The root system under different phosphorus levels (P-level) was analyzed using a WinRHIZO system to quantify root volume and morphology. The following parameters were determined for all treatments: root activity, catalase (CAT) activity, concentration of soluble protein and malondialdehyde (MDA). Yield was recorded during the harvest period and analyzed using SPSS 13.0.
Important findings During the pod-filling stage, the length, volume, surface area and tip numbers of root increased with increasing P-level. When P₂O₅ was applied at 30-90 kg·hm^-2, the above parameters increased by 3.5%-20.7%, 9.3%-21.9%, 9.7%-20.3% and 12.6%-21.4%, respectively, compared to the control (no P treatment) group. P-levels could affect enzyme activities. In P treatment group, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and CAT was increased by 12.7%-20.6%, 14.8%-36.8% and 17.0%-41.8%, respectively. Some other parameters could be influenced by P availability, including increased root activity, soluble protein content nodule number and fresh nodule weight. In contrast, MDA content was decreased by 8.4%-19.5% after the P treatment. In the harvesting stage, all parameters decreased with increasing P-level, except the MDA content. But for most parameters, there were no statistically significant differences among treatments. The number of pods per plant, shelling percentage, economic coefficient and biological yield were enhanced with increasing P-level.

Key words: peanut, phosphorus fertilizer, physiological characteristics, root morphology, yield

郑亚萍,信彩云,王才斌,孙秀山,杨伟强,万书波,郑永美,冯昊,陈殿绪,孙学武,吴正锋. 磷肥对花生根系形态、生理特性及产量的影响. 植物生态学报, 2013, 37(8): 777-785. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00081

ZHENG Ya-Ping,XIN Cai-Yun,WANG Cai-Bin,SUN Xiu-Shan,YANG Wei-Qiang,WAN Shu-Bo,ZHENG Yong-Mei,FENG Hao,CHEN Dian-Xu,SUN Xue-Wu,WU Zheng-Feng. Effects of phosphorus fertilizer on root morphology, physiological characteristics and yield in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2013, 37(8): 777-785. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00081

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2013/V37/I8/777

图/表 5

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肥料 Fertilizer	处理 Treatment
肥料 Fertilizer	P1	P2	P3	P4
KH₂PO₄	0	17.4	34.7	45.5
(NH4)₂HPO₄	0	0	0	6.5
K₂SO₄	21.8	13.5	5.1	0
CO(NH₂)₂	25.7	25.7	25.7	22.7

肥料 Fertilizer	处理 Treatment
肥料 Fertilizer	P1	P2	P3	P4
KH₂PO₄	0	17.4	34.7	45.5
(NH4)₂HPO₄	0	0	0	6.5
K₂SO₄	21.8	13.5	5.1	0
CO(NH₂)₂	25.7	25.7	25.7	22.7

处理 Treatment	单株结果数 Pod number per plant	单株生物产量 Bioligical yield per plant (g)	经济系数 Economic coefficient	出米率 Shelling percentage (%)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
P1	9.8^b	30.0^b	0.49^b	64.3^c	3 643.0^b
P2	10.5^ab	31.6^ab	0.52^ab	68.0^b	3 947.2^b
P3	11.5^ab	33.0^ab	0.55^a	70.7^ab	4 174.1^a
P4	12.1^a	35.4^a	0.56^a	71.5^a	4 244.5^a

处理 Treatment	单株结果数 Pod number per plant	单株生物产量 Bioligical yield per plant (g)	经济系数 Economic coefficient	出米率 Shelling percentage (%)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
P1	9.8^b	30.0^b	0.49^b	64.3^c	3 643.0^b
P2	10.5^ab	31.6^ab	0.52^ab	68.0^b	3 947.2^b
P3	11.5^ab	33.0^ab	0.55^a	70.7^ab	4 174.1^a
P4	12.1^a	35.4^a	0.56^a	71.5^a	4 244.5^a

性状(每株) Item (per plant)	根长(D)范围 Root length range (mm)	结荚中期 Middle of pod filling stage				收获期 Harvest stage
性状(每株) Item (per plant)	根长(D)范围 Root length range (mm)	P1	P2	P3	P4	P1	P2	P3	P4
根系长度 Length of root (cm)	0 < D≤1	1 831.8^b	1 879.9^b	2 203.5^a	2 184.6^a	1 627.0^a	1 342.1^bc	1 415.8^b	1 241.8^c
	1 < D≤3	191.8^c	210.5^b	234.5^a	245.3^a	164.7^a	167.4^a	156.9^a	147.1^a
	D > 3	9.5^c	13.8^b	16.1^ab	17.2^a	8.2^a	10.3^a	9.7^a	10.7^a
	总和 Sum	2 033.1^b	2 104.1^b	2 454.1^a	2 447.0^a	1 799.9^a	1 519.8^bc	1 582.3^b	1 399.5^c
根系体积 Volume of root (cm³)	0 < D≤1	2.2^a	2.4^a	2.6^a	2.6^a	2.0^a	1.7^ab	1.6^ab	1.6^b
	1 < D≤3	3.8^c	4.2^b	4.3^b	4.7^a	3.2^a	3.2^a	3.0^a	3.0^a
	D > 3	2.2^c	2.4^bc	2.6^ab	2.8^a	1.4^a	1.4^a	1.5^a	1.4^a
	总和 Sum	8.3^c	9.1^bc	9.5^ab	10.1^a	6.6^a	6.2^a	6.0^a	5.9^a
根系表面积 Surface area of root (cm²)	0 < D≤1	187.9^b	207.6^ab	219.7^a	224.2^a	163.3^a	144.9^ab	147.4^ab	133.4^b
	1 < D≤3	85.9^a	91.6^a	91.0^a	97.1^a	80.4^a	65.1^ab	63.3^b	60.3^b
	D > 3	13.4^bc	15.8^b	19.1^b	24.3^a	11.3^b	12.0^ab	11.7^ab	14.4^a
	总和 Sum	287.2^c	315.0^b	329.8^ab	345.5^a	254.9^a	222.0^b	219.4^b	211.0^b
根尖数量 Tip numbers of root per plant	0 < D≤1	2 798.1^b	3 153.0^a	3 176.5^a	3 399.9^a	2 604.8^a	2 590.0^a	2 294.5^a	2 295.5^a
	1 < D≤3	56.0^b	60.0^ab	64.4^ab	65.4^a	29.2^a	23.4^a	21.0^a	14.3^a
	D > 3	3.5a^b	3.4^b	5.0^a	5.0^a	1.5^a	1.6^a	1.4^a	0.8^a
	总和 Sum	2 857.5^b	3 216.4^a	3 245.9^a	3 470.3^a	2 666.3^a	2 627.3^a	2 339.3^a	2 326.0^a
单株根瘤数 Nodules number per plant		76.8^b	85.0^ab	93.5^a	90.0^ab	41.3^a	37.8^ab	30.5^ab	27.0^b
根瘤鲜重 Fresh weight of nodule per plant (g)		0.748^b	0.917^ab	1.042^a	1.014^a	0.240^a	0.283^a	0.243^a	0.221^a