植物生态学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (1): 80-92.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0177
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
温超1,2,*(),单玉梅1,2,晔薷罕1,2,张璞进1,2,木兰1,2,常虹1,2,任婷婷3,4,陈世苹3,4,白永飞3,4,黄建辉3,4,孙海莲1,2
收稿日期:
2018-07-30
修回日期:
2019-07-22
出版日期:
2020-01-20
发布日期:
2020-03-26
通讯作者:
温超
基金资助:
WEN Chao1,2,*(),SHAN Yu-Mei1,2,YE Ru-Han1,2,ZHANG Pu-Jin1,2,MU Lan1,2,CHANG Hong1,2,REN Ting-Ting3,4,CHEN Shi-Ping3,4,BAI Yong-Fei3,4,HUANG Jian-Hui3,4,SUN Hai-Lian1,2
Received:
2018-07-30
Revised:
2019-07-22
Online:
2020-01-20
Published:
2020-03-26
Contact:
WEN Chao
Supported by:
摘要:
土壤呼吸是生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分, 同时也是评价生态系统健康状况的重要指标, 对于评估退化草地恢复过程中生态系统功能具有重要意义。该研究在内蒙古四子王旗短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原长期放牧实验平台上进行, 该平台设置对照(CK)、轻度(LG)、中度(MG)和重度(HG) 4个放牧强度。通过在4个放牧处理区设置氮、水添加实验处理, 探讨不同放牧强度背景下, 氮、水补充对荒漠草原土壤呼吸过程的影响。结果表明: (1)历史放牧强度除2015年对土壤呼吸无显著影响, 2016和2017年都有显著影响, 放牧区3年平均土壤呼吸速率基本都高于对照区。此外, 氮和水分添加显著增加了MG区土壤呼吸速率, HG区氮、水同时添加对土壤呼吸速率有显著增加作用; (2)无论是历史放牧强度, 还是氮、水添加处理, 都没有改变荒漠草原生长季土壤呼吸速率的季节动态变化趋势, 土壤呼吸速率基本表现为单峰曲线模式, 峰值出现在水热同期的7月份; (3)不同年份生长季土壤呼吸速率对氮、水处理的响应并不相同, 氮添加至第3年产生显著影响。水分添加在平水年份(2015和2017年)对土壤呼吸产生显著影响, 但在丰水年份(2016年)无显著影响。氮、水共同添加分别在CK、LG和HG区3年平均土壤呼吸速率显著高于单独加水处理, 说明氮添加的有效性依赖于水分条件, 两者表现为协同作用; (4)不同处理下荒漠草原土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q10)值介于1.13-2.41之间, 平均值为1.71。在无氮、水添加时, 放牧区的Q10值都小于CK区, 总体表现为CK 大于 MG 大于 LG 大于 HG; 加水和氮水共同添加处理后, Q10值都有明显增加, 其中NW处理下Q10值都增加到2.0以上。上述结果说明在过去受不同放牧强度影响的荒漠草原在停止放牧后的恢复过程中, 土壤水分仍是影响土壤呼吸的主导环境因子, 外源氮添加只有在满足一定水分供给的基础上才起作用, 尤其是过去的重度放牧区土壤呼吸速率对氮、水补充的响应最为强烈。该研究结果可以为评估荒漠草原恢复过程中土壤呼吸速率受养分和水分影响提供基础资料和依据。
温超,单玉梅,晔薷罕,张璞进,木兰,常虹,任婷婷,陈世苹,白永飞,黄建辉,孙海莲. 氮和水分添加对内蒙古荒漠草原放牧生态系统土壤呼吸的影响. 植物生态学报, 2020, 44(1): 80-92. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0177
WEN Chao,SHAN Yu-Mei,YE Ru-Han,ZHANG Pu-Jin,MU Lan,CHANG Hong,REN Ting-Ting,CHEN Shi-Ping,BAI Yong-Fei,HUANG Jian-Hui,SUN Hai-Lian. Effects of nitrogen and water addition on soil respiration in a Nei Mongol desert steppe with different intensities of grazing history. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2020, 44(1): 80-92. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0177
图1 2015-2017年实验期间四子王旗生长季月平均气温和月降水量。
Fig. 1 Monthly mean air temperature and precipitation during the growing seasons across the study period 2015 to 2017, in Siziwang Banner.
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 土壤温度 ST | 土壤含水量 SM | 土壤呼吸速率 SR |
---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | M | 90.56*** | 160.57*** | 120.88*** |
W | 1.40 | 172.25*** | 59.31*** | |
M ′ W | 0.38 | 9.10*** | 3.27* | |
2016 | M | 37.56*** | 377.57*** | 939.39*** |
GI | 1.65 | 0.24 | 7.00*** | |
W | 0.32 | 404.03*** | 75.63*** | |
M ′ W | 0.10 | 4.20** | 4.66** | |
2017 | M | 30.82*** | 103.92*** | 79.29*** |
GI | 1.42 | 0.49 | 4.26** | |
W | 0.04 | 159.55*** | 250.15*** | |
N | 0.33 | 10.92** | 41.55*** | |
M ′ W | 0.92 | 4.55** | 16.68*** | |
W′ N | 0.80 | 3.05 | 7.95** |
表1 2015-2017年不同月份(M)、放牧强度(GI)、加水(W)、加氮(N)对内蒙古荒漠草原生长季土壤温度(ST)、土壤含水量(SM)、土壤呼吸速率(SR)影响的四因素方差分析结果
Table 1 Results (F-value) of four-way ANOVA on the effects of month (M), grazing intensity (GI), water (W), nitrogen addition (N) and their interactions on growing season soil temperature (ST), soil moisture (SM) and soil respiration (SR), 2015 to 2017, in a Nei Mongol desert steppe
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 土壤温度 ST | 土壤含水量 SM | 土壤呼吸速率 SR |
---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | M | 90.56*** | 160.57*** | 120.88*** |
W | 1.40 | 172.25*** | 59.31*** | |
M ′ W | 0.38 | 9.10*** | 3.27* | |
2016 | M | 37.56*** | 377.57*** | 939.39*** |
GI | 1.65 | 0.24 | 7.00*** | |
W | 0.32 | 404.03*** | 75.63*** | |
M ′ W | 0.10 | 4.20** | 4.66** | |
2017 | M | 30.82*** | 103.92*** | 79.29*** |
GI | 1.42 | 0.49 | 4.26** | |
W | 0.04 | 159.55*** | 250.15*** | |
N | 0.33 | 10.92** | 41.55*** | |
M ′ W | 0.92 | 4.55** | 16.68*** | |
W′ N | 0.80 | 3.05 | 7.95** |
图2 2015-2017年实验期间内蒙古荒漠草原生长季土壤含水量和土壤温度年际间变化(平均值+标准误差)。CKs、N、W、NW分别表示不加水和氮、加氮、加水、加氮加水。不同小写字母表示同一年度不同处理间差异显著(p < 0.05); 不同大写字母表示同一处理不同年度间差异显著(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 2 Changes in growing season soil moisture content and soil temperature, 2015 to 2017, in a Nei Mongol desert steppe (mean + SE). CKs, N, W, NW represent no addition of water and nitrogen, addition of nitrogen, addition of water, and combined addition of water and nitrogen, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between treatments in the same year at the 0.05 level; different uppercase letters indicate a significant difference between years at the 0.05 level.
图3 不同处理下不同放牧强度对内蒙古荒漠草原3年平均土壤呼吸速率(平均值+标准误差)。CK、LG、MG、HG分别表示不放牧、轻牧、中牧和重牧。CKs、N、W、NW分别表示不加水和氮、加氮、加水、加氮加水。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 3 Average soil respiration rate for 3 years under different grazing intensities under different treatments in a Nei Mongol desert steppe (mean + SE). CK, LG, MG, HG represent non-grazing, light grazing, moderate grazing and heavy grazing, respectively. CKs, N, W, NW represent no addition of water and nitrogen, addition of nitrogen, addition of water, and combined addition of water and nitrogen, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between treatments in the same year at the 0.05 level.
图4 内蒙古荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率对氮水添加的响应(平均值±标准误差)。CK、LG、MG、HG分别表示不放牧、轻牧、中牧和重牧。CKs、N、W、NW分别表示不加水和氮、加氮、加水、加氮加水。*, p < 0.05; ns, p > 0.05。
Fig. 4 Response of soil respiration to nitrogen and water addition in a Nei Mongol desert steppe (mean ± SE). CK, LG, MG, HG represent non-grazing, light grazing, moderate grazing and heavy grazing, respectively. CKs, N, W, NW represent no addition of water and nitrogen, addition of nitrogen, addition of water, and combined addition of water and nitrogen, respectively. *, p < 0.05; ns, p > 0.05。
图5 不同放牧强度下不同处理对内蒙古荒漠草原3年平均土壤呼吸速率的影响(平均值+标准误差)。CK、LG、MG、HG分别表示不放牧、轻牧、中牧和重牧。CKs、N、W、NW分别表示不加水和氮、加氮、加水、加氮加水。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 5 Effects of different grazing intensities on the average soil respiration rate during the three years (2015-2017) under different water and nitrogen treatments in a Nei Mongol desert steppe (mean + SE). CK, LG, MG, HG represent non-grazing, light grazing, moderate grazing and heavy grazing, respectively. CKs, N, W, NW represent no addition of water and nitrogen, addition of nitrogen, addition of water, and combined addition of water and nitrogen, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between treatments in the same year at the 0.05 level.
放牧强度 Grazing intensity | 处理 Treatment | n | 方程 Equation | R2 | Q10 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.35e0.036t | 0.026 | 1.43 | 0.477 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.46e0.029t | 0.023 | 1.33 | 0.554 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.27e0.062t | 0.102 | 1.86 | 0.243 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.17e0.085t | 0.222 | 2.35 | 0.064 | |
LG | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.60e0.020t | 0.008 | 1.22 | 0.560 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.54e0.026t | 0.020 | 1.30 | 0.566 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.23e0.069t | 0.141 | 2.00 | 0.204 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.24e0.075t | 0.193 | 2.11 | 0.097 | |
MG | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.51e0.026t | 0.012 | 1.29 | 0.511 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.38e0.041t | 0.051 | 1.51 | 0.369 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.25e0.069t | 0.153 | 2.00 | 0.170 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.17e0.088t | 0.244 | 2.41 | 0.062 | |
HG | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.71e0.012t | 0.003 | 1.13 | 0.546 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.36e0.039t | 0.045 | 1.47 | 0.412 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.29e0.060t | 0.135 | 1.83 | 0.147 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.25e0.074t | 0.213 | 2.09 | 0.072 |
表2 内蒙古荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率与10 cm土壤温度的关系
Table 2 Relationship between soil respiration rate and soil temperature at 10 cm depth in a Nei Mongol desert steppe
放牧强度 Grazing intensity | 处理 Treatment | n | 方程 Equation | R2 | Q10 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.35e0.036t | 0.026 | 1.43 | 0.477 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.46e0.029t | 0.023 | 1.33 | 0.554 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.27e0.062t | 0.102 | 1.86 | 0.243 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.17e0.085t | 0.222 | 2.35 | 0.064 | |
LG | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.60e0.020t | 0.008 | 1.22 | 0.560 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.54e0.026t | 0.020 | 1.30 | 0.566 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.23e0.069t | 0.141 | 2.00 | 0.204 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.24e0.075t | 0.193 | 2.11 | 0.097 | |
MG | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.51e0.026t | 0.012 | 1.29 | 0.511 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.38e0.041t | 0.051 | 1.51 | 0.369 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.25e0.069t | 0.153 | 2.00 | 0.170 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.17e0.088t | 0.244 | 2.41 | 0.062 | |
HG | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.71e0.012t | 0.003 | 1.13 | 0.546 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.36e0.039t | 0.045 | 1.47 | 0.412 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.29e0.060t | 0.135 | 1.83 | 0.147 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.25e0.074t | 0.213 | 2.09 | 0.072 |
放牧强度 Grazing intensity | 处理 Treatment | n | 方程 Equation | R2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.12Ws - 0.35 | 0.44 | <0.001 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.09Ws - 0.02 | 0.30 | <0.001 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.08Ws + 0.19 | 0.28 | <0.001 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.08Ws + 0.10 | 0.34 | <0.001 | |
LG | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.14Ws - 0.46 | 0.46 | <0.001 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.09Ws + 0.12 | 0.29 | <0.001 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.08Ws + 0.29 | 0.24 | <0.001 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.09Ws + 0.23 | 0.34 | <0.001 | |
MG | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.13Ws - 0.34 | 0.40 | <0.001 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.11Ws - 0.08 | 0.36 | <0.001 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.11Ws - 0.04 | 0.32 | <0.001 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.10Ws - 0.15 | 0.44 | <0.001 | |
HG | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.10Ws - 0.05 | 0.34 | <0.001 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.08Ws + 0.18 | 0.25 | <0.05 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.09Ws + 0.01 | 0.31 | <0.001 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.08Ws + 0.31 | 0.28 | <0.001 |
表3 内蒙古荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率(Rs)与土壤含水量(Ws)的关系
Table 3 Relationship between soil respiration rate (Rs) and soil moisture content Ws in a Nei Mongol desert steppe
放牧强度 Grazing intensity | 处理 Treatment | n | 方程 Equation | R2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.12Ws - 0.35 | 0.44 | <0.001 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.09Ws - 0.02 | 0.30 | <0.001 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.08Ws + 0.19 | 0.28 | <0.001 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.08Ws + 0.10 | 0.34 | <0.001 | |
LG | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.14Ws - 0.46 | 0.46 | <0.001 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.09Ws + 0.12 | 0.29 | <0.001 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.08Ws + 0.29 | 0.24 | <0.001 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.09Ws + 0.23 | 0.34 | <0.001 | |
MG | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.13Ws - 0.34 | 0.40 | <0.001 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.11Ws - 0.08 | 0.36 | <0.001 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.11Ws - 0.04 | 0.32 | <0.001 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.10Ws - 0.15 | 0.44 | <0.001 | |
HG | CKs | 24 | Rs = 0.10Ws - 0.05 | 0.34 | <0.001 |
N | 24 | Rs = 0.08Ws + 0.18 | 0.25 | <0.05 | |
W | 24 | Rs = 0.09Ws + 0.01 | 0.31 | <0.001 | |
NW | 24 | Rs = 0.08Ws + 0.31 | 0.28 | <0.001 |
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