镉污染下的植物响应: 从吸收、转运到应答与缓解机制

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0184

植物生态学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (4): 814-832.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0184 cstr: 32100.14.cjpe.2025.0184

镉污染下的植物响应: 从吸收、转运到应答与缓解机制

柯嘉雯¹^,^*, 程张浩¹^,²^,^*, 高雪夷¹, 徐云剑¹^,^**(), 王毅¹^,^**()

¹ 植被结构功能与建造全国重点实验室, 云南省生物适应与保护利用重点实验室, 云南大学生态与环境学院生物多样性研究院, 昆明 650504
² 云南大学生命科学学院, 昆明 650504

收稿日期:2025-05-27 接受日期:2025-07-21 出版日期:2026-04-20 发布日期:2026-02-13
通讯作者: ^**徐云剑, xuyunjian1992@ynu.edu.cn;
王毅,yiwang@ynu.edu.cn
作者简介:^*同等贡献
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2604500);国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2601100);中国生态学会青年人才托举工程和云南省高层次人才支持计划。

Plant responses to cadmium contamination: mechanisms of uptake, transport, defense and detoxification

KE Jia-Wen¹^,^*, CHENG Zhang-Hao¹^,²^,^*, GAO Xue-Yi¹, XU Yun-Jian¹^,^**(), WANG Yi¹^,^**()

¹ State Key Laboratory of Vegetation Structure, Function and Construction (VegLab), Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biological Adaptation, Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
² School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China

Received:2025-05-27 Accepted:2025-07-21 Online:2026-04-20 Published:2026-02-13
Contact: ^**XU Yun-Jian,xuyunjian1992@ynu.edu.cn;
WANG Yi,yiwang@ynu.edu.cn
About author:^*Contributed equally to this work
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFC2604500);National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC2601100);Young Talent Promotion Project of the Ecological Society of China, and the Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program.

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

镉(Cd)作为高毒性重金属, 其环境污染与生态风险已成为全球性挑战, 阐明植物对镉胁迫的响应机制对污染治理及农业安全至关重要。该文系统阐述了Cd在土壤-植物系统中的环境行为、生理毒性效应及植物响应机制。研究表明, Cd通过竞争性利用Ca²⁺、Fe²⁺等二价阳离子的转运蛋白进入植物体, 并诱发活性氧(ROS)爆发、营养失衡及细胞结构损伤。植物进化出多层次的解毒策略, 包括细胞壁固定(果胶羧基结合)、螯合肽介导的液泡区隔化, 以及抗氧化酶系统(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶)的协同防御。在修复技术方面, 物理(电动修复、纳米材料)、化学(磷酸盐钝化、可降解螯合剂)与生物(低Cd育种)方法的综合应用显著提升了Cd污染治理效率。未来研究需聚焦转运蛋白结构解析、多技术协同优化及非食用植物资源化利用, 以实现环境安全与农业可持续发展的协同目标。

关键词: 重金属, 镉, 转运蛋白, 螯合机制, 根际微生物互作, 植物修复技术

Abstract:

Cadmium (Cd), a highly toxic heavy metal, poses significant environmental pollution and ecological risks that have become global concerns. Understanding the response mechanisms of plants to Cd stress is crucial for both pollution remediation and agricultural safety. This review systematically summarizes the environmental behavior, physiological toxic effects, and plant response mechanisms of Cd in the soil-plant system. We have demonstrated that Cd enters plants by competitively utilizing transport channels for essential metal ions such as Ca²⁺ and Fe²⁺, and triggers excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, nutrient imbalance, and cellular structure damage. Plants have evolved multi-level detoxification strategies, including cell wall immobilization through binding with pectin carboxyl groups, vacuolar sequestration mediated by chelating peptides such as phytochelatins and metallothioneins, and coordinated defense through antioxidant enzyme such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. In terms of remediation strategies, the integrated application of physical (e.g., electrokinetic remediation, nanomaterials), chemical (e.g., phosphate passivation, degradable chelating agents), and biological (e.g., low-Cd breeding) approaches has significantly improved the efficiency of Cd pollution control. Future studies should focus on the structural characterization of metal transport proteins, optimization of combined remediation technologies, and the resource-efficient use of non-edible plants to achieve the synergistic goals of environmental safety and sustainable agricultural development.

Key words: heavy metal, cadmium, transporter protein, chelation mechanism, interaction between rhizosphere microorganisms, phytoremediation technology

柯嘉雯, 程张浩, 高雪夷, 徐云剑, 王毅. 镉污染下的植物响应: 从吸收、转运到应答与缓解机制. 植物生态学报, 2026, 50(4): 814-832. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0184

KE Jia-Wen, CHENG Zhang-Hao, GAO Xue-Yi, XU Yun-Jian, WANG Yi. Plant responses to cadmium contamination: mechanisms of uptake, transport, defense and detoxification. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2026, 50(4): 814-832. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0184

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2025.0184

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2026/V50/I4/814

图/表 3

图1 植物根系吸收镉(Cd)的机制。IRT1, 铁调节转运蛋白1; Nramp5, 天然抗性相关巨噬细胞蛋白5。

Fig. 1 Mechanisms of cadmium (Cd) uptake by plant roots. IRT1, iron-regulated transporter 1; Nramp5, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 5.

图2 植物根系对镉(Cd)的转运机制。代表Cd2+; ABC, ATP结合盒; HMA, 重金属运输ATP酶; IRT, 铁转运蛋白; Nramp, 自然抗性相关巨噬细胞蛋白; YSL, 黄条样; ZIP, 锌和铁调节转运蛋白。

Fig. 2 Mechanism of cadmium (Cd) transport in plant roots. represent Cd2+; ABC, ATP-binding cassette transporter; HMA, heavy metal ATPase; IRT, iron regulated transporters; Nramp, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein; YSL, yellow stripe-like protein; ZIP, zinc-regulated transporter iron-regulated transporter-like proteins.

图3 植物对镉(Cd)的应答与缓解机制。ABC, ATP结合盒; APX, 抗坏血酸过氧化物酶; AsA-GSH循环, 抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环; CAT, 过氧化氢酶; CAX, 阳离子/钙离子交换蛋白; GSH, 谷胱甘肽; HMA, 重金属运输ATP酶; MT, 金属硫蛋白; Nramp, 自然抗性相关巨噬细胞蛋白; OA, 草酸; PCs, 植物螯合素; POD, 过氧化物酶; ROS, 活性氧; SA, 水杨酸; SOD, 超氧化物歧化酶。

Fig. 3 Response and mitigation mechanisms of plants to cadmium (Cd). ABC, ATP-binding cassette transporter; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; AsA-GSH cycle, ascorbate-glutathione cycle; CAT, catalase; CAX, cation/Ca2+ exchanger; GSH, glutathione; HMA, heavy metal ATPase; MT, metallothionein; Nramp, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein; OA, oxalic acid; PCs, phytochelatins; POD, peroxidase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SA, salicylic acid; SOD, superoxide dismutase.

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镉污染下的植物响应: 从吸收、转运到应答与缓解机制

Plant responses to cadmium contamination: mechanisms of uptake, transport, defense and detoxification

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