雷州半岛桉树人工林生态系统水分利用效率旱雨季差异及其控制因素

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0277

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究人工林生态系统水分利用效率(WUE)对环境因子的响应, 对于揭示植被的水分利用策略及评估生态系统碳水循环能力具有重要意义。该研究基于广东湛江桉树林生态系统定位观测研究站2018-2022年涡度相关通量数据及同步气象观测数据, 采用逐步回归分析、路径分析和冗余分析方法, 分析尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)人工林生态系统WUE的时间变化及季节性差异特征, 研究WUE与生物环境因子的关系, 探讨WUE旱、雨季差异及其主要影响因素。主要结果: (1)观测期间尾叶桉人工林生态系统旱季(11-4月)和雨季(5-10月) WUE平均值分别为3.85和2.61 g C·kg^-1H₂O, WUE全年平均值为3.22 g C·kg^-1H₂O。(2) WUE具有明显的日间变化特征, 旱季和雨季变化趋势相似。日间WUE与饱和水汽压差(VPD)、空气温度(T_air)、土壤温度(T_soil)、光合有效辐射(PAR)及土壤湿度(SM)均存在极显著负相关关系, 逐步回归分析表明VPD是调控WUE日间变化的主要环境因子。(3)日均值尺度WUE的变化趋势与总初级生产力(GPP)和蒸散(ET)相反, 路径分析表明WUE主要受到VPD和T_soil的直接负面影响, 以及PAR的间接负面影响。WUE对VPD、T_soil变化的响应存在明显旱、雨季差异, 对PAR变化的季节响应类似。(4)在月均值尺度上, 旱季WUE主要受温度和VPD影响, 雨季WUE主要受到PAR影响, WUE的季节差异由温度、VPD和PAR调控下ET的变化主导。桉树人工林生态系统WUE旱季高于雨季, 日间变化主要受VPD影响, 日、月变化除受到VPD影响外, 还受到光照和温度的影响。

关键词: 桉树人工林, 涡度相关, 水分利用效率, 生物环境因子

Abstract:

Aims Examining how water use efficiency (WUE) in plantations responds to environmental factors is crucial for understanding vegetation’s water strategies and assessing ecosystems’ carbon and water recycling capacity.

Methods In the present study, we leveraged eddy covariance flux data alongside concurrent meteorological data from the Positioning Observation and Research Station of Eucalyptus Plantation Ecosystem, spanning the years 2018 to 2022, to analyze the temporal variations and seasonal differences in WUE within the Eucalyptus plantation ecosystem. The analytical methods employed included stepwise regression analysis, path analysis, and redundancy analysis. We analytically examined the relationship between WUE and various environmental factors, with a particular focus on the distinctions between drought and rainy seasons, as well as the primary factors influencing these variations.

Important findings (1) Throughout the study period, the mean WUE of the Eucalyptus plantation ecosystem was recorded at 3.85 g C·kg^-1H₂O during the dry season (November to April) and 2.61 g C·kg^-1H₂O during the rainy season (May to October). The annual mean WUE was determined to be 3.22 g C·kg^-1H₂O. (2) WUE exhibited distinct diurnal variation patterns, with similar trends observed during both the dry and rainy seasons. A extremely significant negative correlation was identified between diurnal WUE and variables such as vapor pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature (T_air), soil temperature (T_soil), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and soil moisture (SM). Furthermore, stepwise regression analysis indicated that VPD serves as the primary environmental factor influencing the diurnal variation of WUE. (3) The temporal variation of daily-scale WUE exhibited an inverse relationship with gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET). Path analysis indicated that WUE is predominantly influenced by direct negative impacts from VPD and T_soil, in addition to indirect negative influences from PAR. The responses of WUE to VPD and T_soil demonstrated significant discrepancies between dry and rainy seasons, while the seasonal responses to PAR were found to be consistent. (4) On a monthly basis, WUE was predominantly influenced by temperature and VPD during the dry season, while PAR played a significant role in the rainy season. The variations in WUE across different seasons were primarily influenced by alterations in ET, which were governed by temperature, VPD, and PAR. The WUE of the Eucalyptus plantation ecosystem exhibited marked variations between the drought and rainy seasons, and the diurnal changes were mainly affected by VPD. In addition to being affected by VPD, the daily and monthly changes are also affected by light and temperature.

Key words: Eucalyptus plantation, eddy covariance, water use efficiency, biological environmental factor

竹万宽, 许宇星, 黄润霞, 杜阿朋, 王志超. 雷州半岛桉树人工林生态系统水分利用效率旱雨季差异及其控制因素. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(12): 2015-2029. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0277

ZHU Wan-Kuan, XU Yu-Xing, HUANG Run-Xia, DU A-Peng, WANG Zhi-Chao. Differences in water use efficiency between dry and rainy seasons and their controlling factors in Eucalyptus plantation in Leizhou Peninsula. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(12): 2015-2029. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0277

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0277

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I12/2015

图/表 13

图1 雷州半岛桉树人工林研究区观测期间环境因子变化。空气温度、土壤温度、饱和水汽压差、土壤湿度为日均值, 降水量、光合有效辐射为累积值。归一化植被指数为每月最大值。阴影部分代表雨季。

Fig. 1 Variations in environmental factors during the observation period in the study area in the Eucalyptus plantation of Leizhou Peninsula. Air temperature, soil temperature, vapour pressure deficit, and soil moisture are daily means. Precipitation and photosynthetically active radiation are cumulative values. Normalized difference vegetation index is the monthly maximum. The shade represents the rainy season.

表1 雷州半岛桉树人工林环境因子旱、雨季差异(平均值±标准误)

Table 1 Differences of environmental factors between dry and rainy seasons in Eucalyptus plantation in Leizhou Peninsula (mean ± SE)

季节 Season	环境因子 Environmental factor
季节 Season	T_air (°C)	VPD (hPa)	T_soil (°C)	SM (m³·m^-3)	PAR (mol·m^-2·d^-1)	NDVI	P (mm)
旱季 Dry season (2018-2019)	21.20 ± 0.31^c	2.99 ± 0.14^g	21.54 ± 0.18^c	0.16 ± 0.03^e	23.02 ± 0.72^d	0.84 ± 0.01^d	228.95^c
雨季 Rainy season (2019)	27.73 ± 0.16^ab	5.22 ± 0.18^bc	26.76 ± 0.08^a	0.20 ± 0.03^b	34.92 ± 0.91^b	0.88 ± 0.02^ab	1 246.63^a
旱季 Dry season (2019-2020)	20.64 ± 0.22^cd	4.61 ± 0.17^de	20.95 ± 0.12^d	0.14 ± 0.02^g	24.69 ± 0.72^d	0.86 ± 0.01^c	307.34^bc
雨季 Rainy season (2020)	28.25 ± 0.16^a	5.63 ± 0.20^b	26.63 ± 0.11^a	0.19 ± 0.04^c	36.31 ± 0.82^ab	0.89 ± 0.02^a	1 306.32^a
旱季 Dry season (2020-2021)	20.32 ± 0.33^d	3.84 ± 0.16^f	20.38 ± 0.20^e	0.15 ± 0.03^f	27.22 ± 0.75^c	0.87 ± 0.01^bc	232.84^c
雨季 Rainy season (2021)	28.27 ± 0.17^a	4.88 ± 0.16^cd	26.81 ± 0.09^a	0.17 ± 0.04^d	37.49 ± 0.90^a	0.90 ± 0.01^a	988.20^ab
旱季 Dry season (2021-2022)	19.34 ± 0.31^e	4.20 ± 0.19^ef	19.99 ± 0.16^f	0.15 ± 0.03^f	27.35 ± 0.98^c	0.87 ± 0.01^c	364.20^bc
雨季 Rainy season (2022)	27.28 ± 0.19^b	7.41 ± 0.28^a	26.00 ± 0.11^b	0.21 ± 0.03^a	38.48 ± 1.04^a	0.89 ± 0.02^a	1 585.70^a

图2 雷州半岛桉树人工林生态系统水分利用效率(WUE)的日间半小时动态变化(平均值±标准误)。

Fig. 2 Dynamic in water use efficiency (WUE) on a half-hourly basis within the Eucalyptus plantation ecosystem in the Leizhou Peninsula (mean ± SE).

图3 桉树人工林生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)、蒸散(ET)和水分利用效率(WUE)的动态变化。阴影部分代表雨季。

Fig. 3 Temporal dynamics of gross primary productivity (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) in Eucalyptus plantation ecosystem. The shade represents the rainy season.

表2 桉树人工林生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)、蒸散(ET)和水分利用效率(WUE)的旱、雨季差异(平均值±标准误)

Table 2 Differences of gross primary productivity (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) between dry and rainy seasons in Eucalyptus plantation in Leizhou Peninsula (mean ± SE)

季节 Season	GPP (g C·m^-2·d^-1)	ET (mm·d^-1)	WUE (g C·kg^-1 H₂O)
旱季 Dry season (2018-2019)	6.18 ± 0.15^c	2.02 ± 0.08^e	3.66 ± 0.15^b
雨季 Rainy season (2019)	9.29 ± 0.22^a	4.82 ± 0.13^a	2.07 ± 0.06^d
旱季 Dry season (2019-2020)	6.02 ± 0.13^c	2.02 ± 0.07^e	3.66 ± 0.15^b
雨季 Rainy season (2020)	9.16 ± 0.20^a	4.27 ± 0.10^b	2.21 ± 0.04^d
旱季 Dry season (2020-2021)	7.23 ± 0.17^b	2.10 ± 0.06^e	3.82 ± 0.12^b
雨季 Rainy season (2021)	9.42 ± 0.16^a	3.23 ± 0.07^c	3.02 ± 0.05^c
旱季 Dry season (2021-2022)	7.41 ± 0.17^b	1.93 ± 0.06^e	4.28 ± 0.13^a
雨季 Rainy season (2022)	8.90 ± 0.20^a	2.98 ± 0.07^d	3.14 ± 0.08^c

表3 桉树人工林生态系统水分利用效率(WUE)与环境因子的Pearson相关系数

Table 3 Pearson correlation coefficient between water use efficiency (WUE) of Eucalyptus plantation ecosystem and environmental factors

环境因子 Environment factor	WUE
环境因子 Environment factor	日间半小时尺度 Daytime half-hour scale	日尺度 Day scale	月尺度 Month scale
T_air	-0.31^***	-0.40^***	-0.69^***
T_soil	-0.25^***	-0.45^***	-0.73^***
SM	-0.13^***	-0.26^***	-0.40^**
PAR	-0.14^***	-0.39^***	-0.59^***
VPD	-0.28^***	-0.49^***	-0.62^***
NDVI	-	-	-0.41^**
P	-	-	-0.47^***

表4 水分利用效率(WUE)日间变化与环境因子的逐步回归模型参数

Table 4 Stepwise regression model parameters of diurnal variation of water use efficiency (WUE) and environmental factors

自变量 Independent variable	旱季 Dry season					雨季 Rainy season
自变量 Independent variable	非标准化系数 Non-standardized coefficient	标准化系数 Standardized coefficient	p	R²	F	非标准化系数 Non-standardized coefficient	标准化系数 Standardized coefficient	p	R²	F
常数 Constant	6.46	-	0.47	0.98	630.54	-4.94	-	<0.001	0.92	197.83
饱和水汽压差 Vapor pressure deficit	-0.32	-0.99	<0.001	0.98	630.54	-0.18	-0.96	<0.001	0.92	197.83

图4 桉树人工林生态系统水分利用效率(WUE)与饱和水汽压差(VPD)的回归分析。

Fig. 4 Regression analysis between water use efficiency (WUE) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in Eucalyptus plantation ecosystem.

图5 水分利用效率(WUE)和环境因子日均值的路径分析。PAR, 光合有效辐射; SM, 土壤湿度; Tair, 空气温度; Tsoil, 土壤温度; VPD, 饱和水汽压差。图中箭头表示正(实线)和负(虚线)路径, 箭头宽度与关系的强度成正比。图中所有路径均在统计学上显著(p < 0.01)。箭头中的数字表示标准化路径系数。标准化总效应是直接效应和间接效应的总和。

Fig. 5 Path analysis of water use efficiency (WUE) and environmental factors. PAR, photosynthetically active radiation; SM, soil moisture; Tair, air temperature; Tsoil, soil temperature; VPD, vapor pressure deficit. The arrows in the figure represent positive (solid) and negative (dashed) paths, and the width of the arrows is proportional to the strength of the relationship. All pathways in the figure are statistically significant (p < 0.01). The number in the arrow represents the standardized path coefficient. The total effect of standardization is the sum of direct and indirect effects.

图6 水分利用效率(WUE)和环境因子日均值的关系(平均值±标准误)。PAR, 光合有效辐射; Tsoil, 土壤温度; VPD, 饱和水汽压差。

Fig. 6 Relationship between water use efficiency and daily mean value of environmental factors (mean ± SE). PAR, photosynthetically active radiation; Tsoil, soil temperature; VPD, vapor pressure deficit.

图7 水分利用效率(WUE)和环境因子间冗余分析(RDA)图。ET, 蒸散; GPP, 总初级生产力; NDVI, 归一化植被指数; P, 降水量; PAR, 光合有效辐射; SM, 土壤湿度; Tair, 空气温度; Tsoil, 土壤温度; VPD, 饱和水汽压差。

Fig. 7 Redundancy analysis between environmental factors and water use efficiency (WUE). ET, evapotranspiration; GPP, gross primary productivity; NDVI, normalized difference vegetation index; P, precipitation; PAR, photosynthetically active radiation; SM, soil moisture; Tair, air temperature; Tsoil, soil temperature; VPD, vapor pressure deficit.

图8 水分利用效率(WUE)和环境因子间相关性。ET, 蒸散; GPP, 总初级生产力; NDVI, 归一化植被指数; P, 降水量; PAR, 光合有效辐射; SM, 土壤湿度; Tair, 空气温度. Tsoil, 土壤温度; VPD, 饱和水汽压差。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001。

Fig. 8 Correlations between environmental factors and water use efficiency (WUE). ET, evapotranspiration; GPP, gross primary productivity; NDVI, normalized difference vegetation index; P, precipitation; PAR, photosynthetically active radiation; SM, soil moisture; Tair, air temperature; Tsoil, soil temperature; VPD, vapor pressure deficit. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

表5 不同类型森林生态系统水分利用效率(WUE)对比

Table 5 Comparison of water use efficiency (WUE) of different types of forest ecosystems

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