长白山次生杨桦林样地:物种组成与群落结构

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.02.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

长白山次生杨桦林是该地区阔叶红松林经皆伐和火烧等破坏后恢复形成的主要次生林类型之一,是阔叶红松林次生演替系列中的重要阶段。参照巴拿马巴洛科罗拉多岛(Barro Colorado Island, BCI)50 hm² 热带雨林样地的技术规范,于2005年在长白山北坡的自然保护区内建立了一块5 hm²的次生杨桦林长期监测样地,对样地内所有胸径≥1 cm的木本植物进行了详细的定位调查。对样地的物种组成与群落结构的分析表明:次生杨桦林样地物种组成丰富,共包括16科28属44种;区系特征明显,北温带成分占主要部分;样地内被监测的树木个体数为20 101,不包括分枝的独立个体数为16 565;优势树种明显,从个体数、平均胸径、胸高断面积和重要值等分析来看,演替先锋树种白桦(Betula platyphylla)和山杨(Populus davidiana)在群落中占有绝对优势地位,但从径级结构来看,它们的更新却非常差,随着演替的进展,这些先锋树种将逐渐走向衰亡;阔叶红松林中的主要树种如红松(Pinus koraiensis)和紫椴(Tilia amurensis) 等已经在次生杨桦林中占有了一定的比例,林下更新良好,逐渐进入林冠层并最终取代杨桦等成为该森林的优势种;从物种的空间分布格局来看,演替先锋树种和阔叶红松林中的主要树种并没有表现出明显的聚集性分布格局,而其它的小乔木和灌木树种则表现出明显的聚集性分布格局,但与地形并没有表现出明显的相关性,相关结论还需要进一步分析。

关键词: 群落结构, 生物多样性, 天然次生林, 森林动态监测样地, 长白山

Abstract:

Aims Natural secondary poplar-birch forest is one of main secondary forests in Changbai Mountain, which is formed by the restoration after clear-cutting or fire. And it is an important stage in the secondary succession of broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest. A 5 hm² natural secondary poplar-birch forest plot was established in Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve in 2005 in order to gain insights into the processes driving regeneration and succession of the forest and its climax community—broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest. This paper aims to give some basic information on the forest, including species composition and community structure.
Methods In the plot, all free-standing trees at least 1 cm in diameter at breast height (DBH, 1.3 m above ground) were mapped, tagged, and identified to species, and their geographic coordinates were recorded following a standard field protocol. A total survey station was used to determine the elevations of edge points.
Important findings There are 16 565 genotype individuals (20 101 individuals with branch), belonging to 44 species, 28 genera, and 16 families. Floristic characteristics of the community are very prominent. At the generic levels, North temperate areal-type is the main part of genus areal-types. The statistics of species abundance, basal area, mean DBH, and important value showed that pioneer species Betula platyphylla and Populus davidiana are obviously dominant species. However, the regeneration of the two species is very poor by the analysis of size-class distributions, which indicated that they will quit the stage along with the succession of the community. Some tree species, such as Korean pine and Tilia amurensis, which are main species in broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest, account for a large proportion in the understory layer. Therefore, they will replace the pioneer species and dominate the overstory layer. Spatial distribution patterns of species were analyzed. For pioneer species and those species that are main species in broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest, there is no obviously clumped pattern captured. For the midstory and understory species, there are obviously clumped patterns of many species by the observation. There is no obvious correlation between the clumped patterns and the topography.

Key words: community structure, biodiversity, natural secondary forest, forest dynamics plot (FDP), Changbai Mountain

郝占庆, 张健, 李步杭, 叶吉, 王绪高, 姚晓琳. 长白山次生杨桦林样地:物种组成与群落结构. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(2): 251-261. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.02.003

HAO Zhan-Qing, ZHANG Jian, LI Bu-Hang, YE Ji, WANG Xu-Gao, YAO Xiao-Lin. NATURAL SECONDARY POPLAR-BIRCH FOREST IN CHANGBAI MOUNTAIN: SPECIES COMPOSITION AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(2): 251-261. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.02.003

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2008/V32/I2/251

图/表 10

参考文献 22

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物种名 Species	科 Families	多度 Abundance	平均胸径 Mean DBH (cm)	胸高断面积 Basal area (m²·hm^-1)	重要值 Important value
暴马丁香Syringa amurensis	Oleaceae	2 524	2.80	0.374 7	7.396 8
白桦Betula platyphylla	Betulaceae	2 287	17.45	12.083 4	20.685 8
红松Pinus koraiensis	Pinaceae	1 626	2.36	0.223 2	5.412 2
色木槭Acer mono	Aceraceae	1 420	4.43	0.647 8	5.511 6
紫椴Tilia amurensis	Tiliaceae	1 416	6.21	1.214 9	6.184 6
毛榛Corylus mandshurica	Betulaceae	1 259	1.65	0.059 4	4.242 8
蒙古栎Quercus mongolica	Fagaceae	1 099	9.25	2.018 8	6.489 7
山杨Populus davidiana	Salicaceae	988	21.63	7.955 3	13.182 0
怀槐Maackia amurensis	Leguminosae	903	7.82	0.965 7	4.780 5
春榆Ulmus japonica	Ulmaceae	639	5.33	0.459 8	3.592 1
山丁子Malus baccata	Rosaceae	500	5.44	0.301 8	2.920 2
水曲柳Fraxinus mandshurica	Oleaceae	340	12.47	1.191 2	3.657 3
假色槭Acer pseudo-sieboldianum	Aceraceae	300	2.43	0.034 8	1.981 7
黄檗Phellodendron amurense	Rutaceae	199	7.36	0.206 7	1.677 6
鱼鳞云杉Picea jezoensis	Pinaceae	123	6.60	0.111 3	1.301 3
拧筋槭Acer triflorum	Aceraceae	118	2.44	0.014 0	1.272 7
簇毛槭Acer barbinerve	Aceraceae	115	1.80	0.006 4	0.939 4
东北山梅花Philadelphus schrenkii	Saxifragaceae	84	1.35	0.002 7	0.936 3
刺五加Acanthopanax senticosus	Araliaceae	69	1.33	0.002 1	0.714 4
鸡树条荚蒾Viburnum sargenti	Caprifoliaceae	63	1.42	0.002 2	0.622 8
山梨Pyrus ussuriensis	Rosaceae	52	6.95	0.045 0	0.698 7
茶条槭Acer ginnala	Aceraceae	51	3.10	0.010 6	0.528 9
乌苏里鼠李Rhamus ussuriensis	Rhamnaceae	48	2.94	0.008 5	0.615 9
瘤枝卫矛Euonymus pauciflorus	Celastraceae	42	1.61	0.001 9	0.500 6
卫矛Euonymus alatus	Celastraceae	35	1.72	0.001 7	0.486 3
青楷槭Acer tegmentosum	Aceraceae	34	3.54	0.013 8	0.466 7
毛山楂Crataegus maximowiczii	Rosaceae	32	2.01	0.003 2	0.418 3
稠李Prunus padus	Rosaceae	31	1.98	0.002 4	0.224 4
糠椴Tilia mandshurica	Tiliaceae	28	5.60	0.020 3	0.191 6
旱柳Salix matsudana	Salicaceae	27	21.03	0.227 6	0.703 3
白牛槭Acer mandshuricum	Aceraceae	24	3.87	0.010 0	0.123 7
鼠李Rhamus davarica	Rhamnaceae	20	2.48	0.002 6	0.282 0
黄花忍冬Lonicera chrysantha	Caprifoliaceae	16	1.51	0.000 6	0.160 3
山樱桃Cerasus maximowiczii	Rosaceae	14	1.89	0.001 0	0.236 3
暖木条荚蒾Viburnum bureiaeticum	Caprifoliaceae	10	1.23	0.000 2	0.163 7
大青杨Populus ussuriensis	Salicaceae	9	32.28	0.168 6	0.327 3
长白忍冬Lonicera ruprechtiana	Caprifoliaceae	5	1.30	0.000 1	0.089 8
臭冷杉Abies nephrolepis	Pinaceae	4	4.28	0.001 4	0.057 4
崖柳Salix floderusii	Salicaceae	3	18.27	0.016 4	0.073 0
藏花忍冬Lonicera tatarinovii	Caprifoliaceae	2	1.60	0.000 1	0.036 0
红皮云杉Picea koraiensis	Pinaceae	2	9.75	0.005 4	0.042 2
金刚鼠李Rhamus diamantiaca	Rhamnaceae	2	1.63	0.000 1	0.036 0
辽东楤木Aralia elata	Araliaceae	1	2.50	0.000 1	0.018 0
东北扁核木Prinsepia sinensis	Rosaceae	1	1.20	0.000 0	0.018 0
总计Total			16 565		28.417 9

物种名 Species	科 Families	多度 Abundance	平均胸径 Mean DBH (cm)	胸高断面积 Basal area (m²·hm^-1)	重要值 Important value
暴马丁香Syringa amurensis	Oleaceae	2 524	2.80	0.374 7	7.396 8
白桦Betula platyphylla	Betulaceae	2 287	17.45	12.083 4	20.685 8
红松Pinus koraiensis	Pinaceae	1 626	2.36	0.223 2	5.412 2
色木槭Acer mono	Aceraceae	1 420	4.43	0.647 8	5.511 6
紫椴Tilia amurensis	Tiliaceae	1 416	6.21	1.214 9	6.184 6
毛榛Corylus mandshurica	Betulaceae	1 259	1.65	0.059 4	4.242 8
蒙古栎Quercus mongolica	Fagaceae	1 099	9.25	2.018 8	6.489 7
山杨Populus davidiana	Salicaceae	988	21.63	7.955 3	13.182 0
怀槐Maackia amurensis	Leguminosae	903	7.82	0.965 7	4.780 5
春榆Ulmus japonica	Ulmaceae	639	5.33	0.459 8	3.592 1
山丁子Malus baccata	Rosaceae	500	5.44	0.301 8	2.920 2
水曲柳Fraxinus mandshurica	Oleaceae	340	12.47	1.191 2	3.657 3
假色槭Acer pseudo-sieboldianum	Aceraceae	300	2.43	0.034 8	1.981 7
黄檗Phellodendron amurense	Rutaceae	199	7.36	0.206 7	1.677 6
鱼鳞云杉Picea jezoensis	Pinaceae	123	6.60	0.111 3	1.301 3
拧筋槭Acer triflorum	Aceraceae	118	2.44	0.014 0	1.272 7
簇毛槭Acer barbinerve	Aceraceae	115	1.80	0.006 4	0.939 4
东北山梅花Philadelphus schrenkii	Saxifragaceae	84	1.35	0.002 7	0.936 3
刺五加Acanthopanax senticosus	Araliaceae	69	1.33	0.002 1	0.714 4
鸡树条荚蒾Viburnum sargenti	Caprifoliaceae	63	1.42	0.002 2	0.622 8
山梨Pyrus ussuriensis	Rosaceae	52	6.95	0.045 0	0.698 7
茶条槭Acer ginnala	Aceraceae	51	3.10	0.010 6	0.528 9
乌苏里鼠李Rhamus ussuriensis	Rhamnaceae	48	2.94	0.008 5	0.615 9
瘤枝卫矛Euonymus pauciflorus	Celastraceae	42	1.61	0.001 9	0.500 6
卫矛Euonymus alatus	Celastraceae	35	1.72	0.001 7	0.486 3
青楷槭Acer tegmentosum	Aceraceae	34	3.54	0.013 8	0.466 7
毛山楂Crataegus maximowiczii	Rosaceae	32	2.01	0.003 2	0.418 3
稠李Prunus padus	Rosaceae	31	1.98	0.002 4	0.224 4
糠椴Tilia mandshurica	Tiliaceae	28	5.60	0.020 3	0.191 6
旱柳Salix matsudana	Salicaceae	27	21.03	0.227 6	0.703 3
白牛槭Acer mandshuricum	Aceraceae	24	3.87	0.010 0	0.123 7
鼠李Rhamus davarica	Rhamnaceae	20	2.48	0.002 6	0.282 0
黄花忍冬Lonicera chrysantha	Caprifoliaceae	16	1.51	0.000 6	0.160 3
山樱桃Cerasus maximowiczii	Rosaceae	14	1.89	0.001 0	0.236 3
暖木条荚蒾Viburnum bureiaeticum	Caprifoliaceae	10	1.23	0.000 2	0.163 7
大青杨Populus ussuriensis	Salicaceae	9	32.28	0.168 6	0.327 3
长白忍冬Lonicera ruprechtiana	Caprifoliaceae	5	1.30	0.000 1	0.089 8
臭冷杉Abies nephrolepis	Pinaceae	4	4.28	0.001 4	0.057 4
崖柳Salix floderusii	Salicaceae	3	18.27	0.016 4	0.073 0
藏花忍冬Lonicera tatarinovii	Caprifoliaceae	2	1.60	0.000 1	0.036 0
红皮云杉Picea koraiensis	Pinaceae	2	9.75	0.005 4	0.042 2
金刚鼠李Rhamus diamantiaca	Rhamnaceae	2	1.63	0.000 1	0.036 0
辽东楤木Aralia elata	Araliaceae	1	2.50	0.000 1	0.018 0
东北扁核木Prinsepia sinensis	Rosaceae	1	1.20	0.000 0	0.018 0
总计Total			16 565		28.417 9

分布区类型 Distribution types	属数 No. of genera	比率 Rate (%)
1 世界分布Cosmopolitan distribution	1	3.57
2 泛热带分布 Pantropic distribution	1	3.57
8 北温带分布 North temperate distribution	19	67.86
9 东亚和北美洲间断分布 East Asia and North America disjuncted distribution	1	3.57
10 旧世界温带分布 Old world temperate distribution	2	7.14
14 东亚分布 East Asia distribution	2	7.14
14-1 中国-喜马拉雅分布 Sino-Himalaya (SH) distribution	1	3.57
14-2 中国-日本分布 Sino-Japan (SJ) distribution	1	3.57
合计 Total	28	100.00

分布区类型 Distribution types	属数 No. of genera	比率 Rate (%)
1 世界分布Cosmopolitan distribution	1	3.57
2 泛热带分布 Pantropic distribution	1	3.57
8 北温带分布 North temperate distribution	19	67.86
9 东亚和北美洲间断分布 East Asia and North America disjuncted distribution	1	3.57
10 旧世界温带分布 Old world temperate distribution	2	7.14
14 东亚分布 East Asia distribution	2	7.14
14-1 中国-喜马拉雅分布 Sino-Himalaya (SH) distribution	1	3.57
14-2 中国-日本分布 Sino-Japan (SJ) distribution	1	3.57
合计 Total	28	100.00