雨雪冰冻灾害对中亚热带人工林的影响——以江西省千烟洲为例

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.02.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为深入研究2008年初低温雨雪冰冻灾害对我国南方森林生态系统的影响, 实地调查了中国科学院千烟洲红壤丘陵综合开发试验站(简称千烟洲站)人工林受损状况, 并结合气象资料与空间数据进行了分析。在千烟洲站内主要的5种林型中, 受损林分多为湿地松(Pinus elliottii)林, 倒伏区面积为7.72 hm², 占森林面积的6.12%, 地上植被碳储量损失1 462 g·m^-2(范围在655-5 230 g·m^-2之间)。持续低温、阴雨潮湿等气象条件是导致湿地松林受损的直接原因, 特别是2008年2月1日的低温、强降水和大风, 加剧了灾害程度。在吉泰盆地低山丘陵区(海拔60-140 m), 高程与局地地形、气象条件密切相关, 因而对冰雪灾害具有较强的指示作用。丘陵顶部土壤贫瘠、受风影响强烈, 林木易受损倒伏。阳坡的林木易偏冠, 这可能是其受损较为严重的原因之一。湿地松林受损的内因主要有冠型、材质、根系分布、叶片特征和年龄等;此外, 人为割脂也可能是造成湿地松大量倒伏的重要因素。

关键词: 冰冻灾害, 自然干扰, 人工林, 植被碳储量损失

Abstract:

Aims During mid-January and mid-February 2008, an unexpected severe ice storm occurred over southern China that caused heavy damage to forests. Our objectives were to examine the effect of this storm on subtropical planted forests and to quantify biomass and carbon losses.

Methods We evaluated damage to the forest ecosystem at Qianyanzhou Ecological Station in subtropical China. Twenty-one plots of 10 m × 10 m dimensions were investigated in the affected slash pine (Pinus elliottii) plantation. The relationship between damaged area and terrain factors was analyzed using Digital Elevation Model data.

Important findings Of the five major plantations at the ecological station, damages occurred mainly in the slash pine plantation. The area of severely damaged forest with most fallen trees was 7.72 hm², accounting for 6.12% of the total forest area. The aboveground carbon loss in the severely damaged area ranged from 655 to 5 230 g·m^-2, with a mean value of 1 462 g·m^-2. Continuous low-temperature and strong rainfall, particularly when accompanied by strong winds on February 1, 2008, were the direct causes of the damage. Analysis shows that elevation is a good indicator for ice storm damage in the hilly area even though the elevation range was small (60-140 m), because elevation is tightly linked to local terrain factors and weather conditions. Forest growing on the top of a hill was vulnerable to the ice storm due to the barren soil and strong wind. We found that trees planted on the sunny slopes tended to form unbalanced crowns; this might be the reason that severe damage occurred mainly on sunny slopes. The vulnerability of slash pine to the ice storm is believed related to crown types, timber quality, root distribution, leaf characteristics and resin tapping.

Key words: freezing rain, natural disturbance, plantation, plant-carbon loss

马泽清, 王辉民, 王绍强, 李庆康, 王义东, 汪宏清. 雨雪冰冻灾害对中亚热带人工林的影响——以江西省千烟洲为例. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(2): 204-212. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.02.012

MA Ze-Qing, WANG Hui-Min, WANG Shao-Qiang, LI Qing-Kang, WANG Yi-Dong, WANG Hong-Qing. Impact of a severe ice storm on subtropical plantations at Qianyanzhou, Jiangxi, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(2): 204-212. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.02.012

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2010/V34/I2/204

图/表 7

参考文献 31

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林型 Forest type	密度 Density (individuals·hm^-2)	胸高断面积 Section area at breast height ( m²·hm^-2)	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass ( g·m^-2)	面积 Area (hm²)
湿地松林 Pinus elliottii forest	1 497	31.5	7 542	75.14
马尾松林 P. massoniana forest	1 905	30.1	8 768	24.84
杉木林 Cunninghamia lanceolata forest	2 368	51.3	14 088	7.73
阔叶林 Broad-leaved forest	2 650	30.3	10 339	6.08
针阔叶混交林 Broad-leaved-conifer mixed forest	1 994	28.1	8 359	1.39
其他森林 Other forest				11.00
总计 Total				126.18

林型 Forest type	密度 Density (individuals·hm^-2)	胸高断面积 Section area at breast height ( m²·hm^-2)	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass ( g·m^-2)	面积 Area (hm²)
湿地松林 Pinus elliottii forest	1 497	31.5	7 542	75.14
马尾松林 P. massoniana forest	1 905	30.1	8 768	24.84
杉木林 Cunninghamia lanceolata forest	2 368	51.3	14 088	7.73
阔叶林 Broad-leaved forest	2 650	30.3	10 339	6.08
针阔叶混交林 Broad-leaved-conifer mixed forest	1 994	28.1	8 359	1.39
其他森林 Other forest				11.00
总计 Total				126.18

高程 Altitude	受损区面积 Damaged area	坡度 Slope	受损区面积 Damaged area	山体阴影 Hill shade	受损区面积 Damaged area
最小值 Min	0.396 (0.144)	最小值 Min	-0.277 (0.317)	最小值 Min	-0.485 (0.067)
最大值 Max	0.596*(0.019)	最大值 Max	0.450 (0.092)	最大值 Max	0.500 (0.058)
平均值 Mean	0.565*(0.028)	平均值 Mean	0.022 (0.939)	平均值 Mean	0.043 (0.879)

高程 Altitude	受损区面积 Damaged area	坡度 Slope	受损区面积 Damaged area	山体阴影 Hill shade	受损区面积 Damaged area
最小值 Min	0.396 (0.144)	最小值 Min	-0.277 (0.317)	最小值 Min	-0.485 (0.067)
最大值 Max	0.596*(0.019)	最大值 Max	0.450 (0.092)	最大值 Max	0.500 (0.058)
平均值 Mean	0.565*(0.028)	平均值 Mean	0.022 (0.939)	平均值 Mean	0.043 (0.879)

类型 Types	样地数 Number of plot	胸径 Diameter at breast height (cm)	不同受灾程度林木的株数 Number of trees for different classes of damage					林分密度 Forest density (individuals· hm^-2)	受损率 Damage rate	折断率 Branches breakage rate	倒伏率 Stem breakage rate
类型 Types	样地数 Number of plot	胸径 Diameter at breast height (cm)	1	2	3	4	5	林分密度 Forest density (individuals· hm^-2)	受损率 Damage rate	折断率 Branches breakage rate	倒伏率 Stem breakage rate
折断区 Branches breakage area	9	16.8 (14.1-18.4)	11	1	0	1	0	1289 (900-2400)	16% (0-44%)	16% (0-44%)	0
倒伏区 Severely damaged area	12	17.2 (13.7-19.8)	7	2	1	1	5	1550 (600-2400)	62% (16%-100%)	24% (0-67%)	38% (7%-100%)