中国外来入侵植物的分布格局及其与环境因子和人类活动的关系

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2006.0076

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

认识区域尺度上外来入侵植物的分布格局及其成因对预测入侵的影响和入侵种的管理具有重要意义。该文采用聚类分析和排序的方法分析了我国外来入侵植物的空间格局,并利用多元线性逐步回归和典范对应分析探讨了自然环境因子和人类活动强度对中国32个省级空间单位(省市自治区,不包括香港和澳门)中外来入侵植物分布的影响。结果表明,中国各省外来入侵植物物种数从南到北逐渐减少,导致这一格局的主要因子为无霜期;各省外来入侵植物物种密度由东南海岸向内陆递减,造成这一趋势的主要影响因素为交通密度;纬度是解释中国各省外来入侵植物物种组成变异的主要因子,因此中国32个省区可归为低、中、高纬度区3大类型。在此基础上预测中国东南部地区有遭受更多外来植物入侵的可能;此外,交通发达的区域也将成为外来植物入侵的热点区,应该引起有关部门的重视。

关键词: 交通密度, 空间格局, 人类活动, 纬度, 无霜期, 植物入侵

Abstract:

Background and Aims Biological invasions, one of the three most pressing environmental problems, is an important component of global change and causes considerable environmental damage and economic losses to the invaded regions. Although China is a country heavily infested with invasive alien plants, factors influencing regional spatial patterns of these species are largely unknown.
Methods In order to explore the relationship between spatial patterns of invasive alien plants and environmental and anthropological factors, this study used multiple stepwise regression and canonical correspondence analysis to determine the effects of seven environmental variables (including area, latitude, longitude, mean temperature in January, mean temperature in July, annual precipitation, frost-free days) and seven anthropological factors (including number of foreign tourists, GDP, transport density, value of imported goods, area of nature conserve, rate of nature conserve, population density) on the number, density and spatial distribution of invasive alien plants in 32 provinces of China.
Key Results It was found that the number of invasive alien plant species decreased from the south to the north, which was largely determined by the frost-free days. The density of invasive plant species declined from the southeast coast inland to the northwest, which was best explained by transport density. In addition, about 50% of the variation in invasive alien species composition across provinces was accounted for by latitude.
Conclusions Our results suggest that both natural conditions and anthropological factors play important roles in shaping the patterns of plant invasions in China. These findings may help to understand ecosystem invasibility, and predict plant invasions on a regional scale, and hence have important implications for the management of invasive species.

Key words: Frost-free days, Human impacts, Latitudinal gradient, Plant invasion, Spatial pattern, Transport density

吴晓雯, 罗晶, 陈家宽, 李博. 中国外来入侵植物的分布格局及其与环境因子和人类活动的关系. 植物生态学报, 2006, 30(4): 576-584. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2006.0076

WU Xiao-Wen, LUO Jing, CHEN Jia-Kuan, LI Bo. SPATIAL PATTERNS OF INVASIVE ALIEN PLANTS IN CHINA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ENVIRONMENTAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL FACTORS. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(4): 576-584. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2006.0076

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2006.0076

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2006/V30/I4/576

图/表 8

参考文献 43

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变量 Variables	单位 Units	数据转换 Data transformation
环境变量 Environmental factors
纬度 Latitude (LTD)	度 (°)	—
经度 Longitude (LGD)	度 (°)	—
省面积 Area of province (PAR)	万平方公里 (10⁴ km²)	对数转换ln
1月平均气温 Mean temperature in January (MT1)	摄氏度 (℃)	—
7月平均气温 Mean temperature in July (MT7)	摄氏度 (℃)	—
年降雨量 Annual precipitation (APP)	毫米 (mm)	—
无霜期 Frost-free days (FFD)	天 Days	—
人类影响 Anthropological factors
人口密度 Population density (PLD)	个数/平方公里 Persons·km^-2	平方根转换 Square root
交通密度 Transport density (TPD)	线路长/万平方公里 km·10⁴ km^-2	—
省内年度生产总值 Values of annual gross production (GDP)	亿元 (10⁸ RMB)	对数转换 ln
进口货物总额 Values of imported goods (VIC)	万美元 (10⁴ US dollars)	对数(平方根转换) ln (Square root)
外来游客人数 Number of foreign tourists (NFT)	万人 (10⁴ persons)	对数转换 ln
省内自然保护区面积 Area of nature reserves (ANR)	平方公里 (km²)	对数转换 ln
省内保护区的面积比例 Percentage of areas protected (PAP)	百分比 (%)	对数转换 ln

变量 Variables	单位 Units	数据转换 Data transformation
环境变量 Environmental factors
纬度 Latitude (LTD)	度 (°)	—
经度 Longitude (LGD)	度 (°)	—
省面积 Area of province (PAR)	万平方公里 (10⁴ km²)	对数转换ln
1月平均气温 Mean temperature in January (MT1)	摄氏度 (℃)	—
7月平均气温 Mean temperature in July (MT7)	摄氏度 (℃)	—
年降雨量 Annual precipitation (APP)	毫米 (mm)	—
无霜期 Frost-free days (FFD)	天 Days	—
人类影响 Anthropological factors
人口密度 Population density (PLD)	个数/平方公里 Persons·km^-2	平方根转换 Square root
交通密度 Transport density (TPD)	线路长/万平方公里 km·10⁴ km^-2	—
省内年度生产总值 Values of annual gross production (GDP)	亿元 (10⁸ RMB)	对数转换 ln
进口货物总额 Values of imported goods (VIC)	万美元 (10⁴ US dollars)	对数(平方根转换) ln (Square root)
外来游客人数 Number of foreign tourists (NFT)	万人 (10⁴ persons)	对数转换 ln
省内自然保护区面积 Area of nature reserves (ANR)	平方公里 (km²)	对数转换 ln
省内保护区的面积比例 Percentage of areas protected (PAP)	百分比 (%)	对数转换 ln

	NIS	ID	PAR	LTD	LGD	MT1	MT7	APP	FFD	PLD	TPD	GDP	VIC	NFT	ANR	PAP
NIS	1.00
ID	-	1.00
PAR	-0.34ns	-	1.00
LTD	-0.86^***	-0.19^ns	-	1.00
LGD	0.13^ns	0.30^ns	-	0.14^ns	1.00
MT1	0.82^***	0.32^ns	-	-0.87^***	0.17^ns	1.00
MT7	0.45^*	0.30^ns	-	-0.34^ns	-0.49^**	0.55^**	1.00
APP	0.85^***	0.22^ns	-	-0.87^***	0.14^ns	0.81^***	0.37^*	1.00
FFD	0.87^***	0.63^***	-	-0.83^***	0.12	0.86^***	0.64^***	0.74^***	1.00
PLD	0.10^ns	0.91^***	-	-0.09^ns	0.40^*	0.25^ns	0.41^*	0.14^ns	0.34	1.00
TPD	0.39^*	0.82^***	-	-0.29^ns	0.54^**	0.53^**	0.60^***	0.37^*	0.44^*	0.85^***	1.00
GDP	0.41^*	0.22^ns	-0.28^ns	-0.28^ns	0.37^*	0.37^*	0.32^ns	0.41^*	0.42^*	0.26^ns	0.46^**	1.00
VIC	0.42^*	0.37^*	-0.30^ns	-0.29^ns	0.28^ns	0.40^*	0.23^ns	0.38^*	0.36^*	0.32^ns	0.53^**	0.88^***	1.00
NFT	0.50^**	0.16^ns	-0.16^ns	-0.32^ns	0.18^ns	0.36^*	0.25^ns	0.30^ns	0.50^**	0.20^ns	0.38^*	0.41^*	0.62^***	1.00
ANR	-0.28^ns	-0.21^ns	0.83^***	0.13^ns	-0.70^***	-0.43^*	-0.76^***	-0.15^ns	-0.27	-0.32^ns	-0.51^**	-0.26^ns	-0.15^ns	-0.12^ns	1.00
PAP	-0.29^ns	-0.03^ns	-	0.14^ns	-0.52^**	-0.31^ns	-0.78^***	-0.15^ns	-0.23	-0.15^ns	-0.35^ns	-0.12^ns	0.00^ns	-0.15^ns	-	1.00

	NIS	ID	PAR	LTD	LGD	MT1	MT7	APP	FFD	PLD	TPD	GDP	VIC	NFT	ANR	PAP
NIS	1.00
ID	-	1.00
PAR	-0.34ns	-	1.00
LTD	-0.86^***	-0.19^ns	-	1.00
LGD	0.13^ns	0.30^ns	-	0.14^ns	1.00
MT1	0.82^***	0.32^ns	-	-0.87^***	0.17^ns	1.00
MT7	0.45^*	0.30^ns	-	-0.34^ns	-0.49^**	0.55^**	1.00
APP	0.85^***	0.22^ns	-	-0.87^***	0.14^ns	0.81^***	0.37^*	1.00
FFD	0.87^***	0.63^***	-	-0.83^***	0.12	0.86^***	0.64^***	0.74^***	1.00
PLD	0.10^ns	0.91^***	-	-0.09^ns	0.40^*	0.25^ns	0.41^*	0.14^ns	0.34	1.00
TPD	0.39^*	0.82^***	-	-0.29^ns	0.54^**	0.53^**	0.60^***	0.37^*	0.44^*	0.85^***	1.00
GDP	0.41^*	0.22^ns	-0.28^ns	-0.28^ns	0.37^*	0.37^*	0.32^ns	0.41^*	0.42^*	0.26^ns	0.46^**	1.00
VIC	0.42^*	0.37^*	-0.30^ns	-0.29^ns	0.28^ns	0.40^*	0.23^ns	0.38^*	0.36^*	0.32^ns	0.53^**	0.88^***	1.00
NFT	0.50^**	0.16^ns	-0.16^ns	-0.32^ns	0.18^ns	0.36^*	0.25^ns	0.30^ns	0.50^**	0.20^ns	0.38^*	0.41^*	0.62^***	1.00
ANR	-0.28^ns	-0.21^ns	0.83^***	0.13^ns	-0.70^***	-0.43^*	-0.76^***	-0.15^ns	-0.27	-0.32^ns	-0.51^**	-0.26^ns	-0.15^ns	-0.12^ns	1.00
PAP	-0.29^ns	-0.03^ns	-	0.14^ns	-0.52^**	-0.31^ns	-0.78^***	-0.15^ns	-0.23	-0.15^ns	-0.35^ns	-0.12^ns	0.00^ns	-0.15^ns	-	1.00

	回归系数 Regression coefficient	标准化系数 Standardized coefficient	F值 F-value	显著性水平 Significance	累积解释方差 Accumulative variance explained (%)
所有的变量All variables,r=0.96,p<0.001
截距 Intercept	18.53			p<0.01
无霜期FFD	0.064	0.28	95.37	p<0.001	91.1
年降雨量APP	0.002	0.06	18.02	p<0.001	85.2
外来游客人数NFT	3.590	0.27	6.79	p<0.05	88.1
人口密度PLD	-0.479	-0.26	7.12	p<0.05	90.6
纬度LTD	-1.440	-0.58	4.44	p<0.05	91.2