太白山红桦种子的萌发特性

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.04.017

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)广布于我国太白山中高海拔地区, 普遍存在着更新障碍。为了给红桦林的自然更新提供新的解释与证据, 我们对2 400粒红桦种子进行了去果皮观察并计数发芽率, 观察了红桦种子在不同光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically active radiation, PAR)和不同光照时间(强光照: PAR为 464.7 µmol photons ·m^-2·s^-1, 12 h·d^-1; 中光照: PAR为233.8 µmol photons ·m^-2·s^-1, 12 h·d^-1; 弱光照: PAR为233.8 µmol photons ·m^-2·s^-1, 0.5 h·d^-1)、不同昼夜温差(25/20 ℃、20/15 ℃、15/10 ℃)和去果皮处理下的发芽率, 以及无光照处理下的发芽率。此外, 还观察了种子在不同覆盖物(阔叶、针叶、针阔混合)和不同基质(土、沙)中以及在落叶(阔叶、针阔混合)中的发芽率。红桦种子成熟时, 大约54.29%为饱满具活力的种子。种子在25/20 ℃的昼夜温差下发芽率最高, 而在15/10 ℃的昼夜温差下极少萌发。中光照下, 种子发芽率略高于其它两种光照, 无光照则完全抑制了种子萌发。去果皮处理可促进其萌发, 各种覆盖物会导致种子发芽率下降。不同的萌发基质对萌发无影响。以上结果暗示, 自然条件下太白山红桦种子的萌发将依赖于自然的扰动。

关键词: 红桦, 种子, 光照, 温度, 自然更新

Abstract:

Aims Betula albo-sinensis occurs in the middle to high elevations of Taibai Mountain, China where its forests have regeneration barriers. We studied the germination and physiological characteristics of B. albo-sinensis seeds to investigate natural regeneration.

Methods We observed 2 400 seeds of B. albo-sinensis without pericarp and recorded germination rates. We studied germination rates under different photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and photoperiod (high light: PAR = 464.7 µmol photons ·m^-2·s^-1, 12 h·d^-1; middle light: PAR = 233.8 µmol photons ·m^-2·s^-1, 12 h·d^-1; low light: PAR = 233.8 µmol photons ·m^-2·s^-1, 0.5 h·d^-1), different day/night temperatures (25/20 ℃, 20/15 ℃ and 15/10 ℃) and with and without pericarp. We also recorded germination rates without light, under different culture media (soil and sand) and mulch (broad leaf, needle leaf and mixed leaf) or covered with leaf (broad leaf and mixed leaf).

Important findings We found that 54.29% of the seed is full in the fully maturated ones. The optimum germination temperature is 25/20 ℃, and few seeds germinated under 15/10 ℃. Germination rates under middle light were highest, and there was no seed germination under no light. Shelling the pericarp could improve germination rates. Germination rates declined in the groups covered with mulch, but there was no significant difference among culture media. We conclude that B. albo-sinensis seed germination depends on natural disturbances in its natural environment.

Key words: Betula albo-sinensis, seed, light, temperature, natural regeneration

任坚毅, 林玥, 岳明. 太白山红桦种子的萌发特性. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(4): 883-890. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.04.017

REN Jian-Yi, LIN Yue, YUE Ming. SEED GERMINATION CHARACTERISTICS OF BETULA ALBO-SINENSIS AT MOUNTAIN TAIBAI, CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(4): 883-890. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.04.017

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.04.017

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2008/V32/I4/883

图/表 5

表1 红桦种子形态结构(平均值±标准偏差)

Table 1 Morphological structures of Betula albo-sinensisseeds (mean ± SD)

类型 Type	形态结构 Morphological structure	类型比例 Proportion of types (%)	发芽率 Germination rate (%)
α	籽粒饱满, 结构完整 Fully developed seeds	54.29 ± 10.28	96.74 ± 2.10
β	果实包含果皮及种皮, 子叶和胚只留下黑色残渣 The fruits with pericarp and seed coat. Cotyledons and embryos have disappeared, remaining black residues	18.67 ± 6.76	0
γ	果实包含果皮, 种皮、子叶及胚消失, 种内有一条木质化残渣 The fruits with pericarp. Seed coat, cotyledons and embryos have disappeared, remaining ligneous residues	25.17 ± 4.19	0
δ	果皮异常增厚, 黑色, 很硬, 内有白色粉末状物质 The black pericarps thicken abnormally and harden with white powder	1.79 ± 2.10	0*
ε	虫害 Pest	0.08 ± 0.29	0*

图1 不同的光合有效辐射、光照时间、昼夜温度及果皮处理下红桦种子的萌发动态 a, b: PAR = 464.7 μmol photons·m-2·s-1, 12 h·d-1 c, d: PAR = 233.8 μmol photons·m-2·s-1, 12 h·d-1 e, f: PAR = 233.8 μmol photons·m-2·s-1, 0.5 h·d-1 ■: 25/20 ℃ (昼/夜 daytime/nighttime) △: 20/15 ℃(昼/夜 daytime/nighttime) □: 15/10 ℃ (昼/夜 daytime/nighttime) a, c, e: 对照 Control b, d, f: 去果皮 Without pericarp

Fig. 1 Germination rates of Betula albo-sinensis seeds under different photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), lighting time, daytime/nighttime temperature and pericarp treatments

表2 不同光照、昼夜温度及果皮处理下红桦种子的发芽率(平均值±标准偏差)

Table 2 The germination rates ofBetula albo-sinensis seeds under different light, daytime/nighttime temperatures and pericarp treatments (mean ± SD)

	去果皮 Without pericarp (%)	对照 Control (%)
	25/20 ℃	20/15 ℃	15/10 ℃	25/20 ℃	20/15 ℃	15/10 ℃
强光照 High light	55.0 ± 8.87^Aa	38.5 ± 10.63^Bb	0.5 ± 1.00^Bc	37.0 ± 6.00^Ab	41.0 ± 10.89^Ab	0^Ac
中光照 Middle light	64.5 ± 5.74^Aa	54.0 ± 6.32^Ab	2.0 ± 1.63^Ad	46.0 ± 6.73^Ab	35.0 ± 10.65^Ac	0^Ae
弱光照 Low light	59.0 ± 15.45^Aa	47.5 ± 10.12^ABab	0^Bc	38.5 ± 14.73^Ab	41.0 ± 10.89^Ab	0^Ac
无光照 No light	–	–	–	3.5 ± 4.72^Ba	0^Ba	0^Aa

图2 不同的光合有效辐射、光照时间、温度及果皮处理下红桦种子的日平均发芽率图注见图1

Fig. 2 Daily germination rates of Betula albo-sinensis seeds under different photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), lighting time, daytime/nighttime temperature and pericarp treatments Notes see Fig. 1

图3 不同萌发基质与覆盖物下红桦种子的发芽率不同大写字母表示各组处理间差异显著(p<0.05) Different capital letters indicate significant differences (p<0.05) among the different treatment groups a1: 沙培 Sand culture a2: 沙埋 Buried in sand a3: 沙-阔叶 Sand culture, covered with broadleaves a4: 沙-针叶 Sand culture, covered with needle-point leaves a5: 沙-针阔混合 Sand culture, covered with mixed leaves b1: 土培 Soil culture b2: 土埋 Buried in soil b3: 土-阔叶 Soil culture, covered with broadleaves b4: 土-针叶 Soil culture, covered with needle-point leaves b5: 土-针阔混合 Soil culture, covered with mixed leaves c1: 阔叶-阔叶 Seeds broadcast onto broadleaves, covered with broadleaves c2: 阔叶-针阔混合 Seeds broadcast onto broadleaves, covered with mixed leaves

Fig. 3 Seed germination rates of Betula albo-sinensis under different culture media and mulches

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