大兴安岭冻土湿地植物群落结构的环境梯度分析

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.10.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用除趋势典范对应分析法(DCCA), 对大兴安岭24个冻土湿地植物群落进行排序, 对划分出的3个不同类型多年冻土区的湿地植物群落的物种多样性, 以及生活型和水分生态型等生态特征进行了环境梯度分析。结果表明: 随着纬度的降低, 年平均气温和年平均日照时间逐渐增大, 年平均降水量和年平均湿度逐渐减小, 调查的24个冻土湿地可划分为3组。从大片多年冻土区到大片-岛状多年冻土区, 再到稀疏岛状多年冻土区, 灌木多样性逐渐减小(p < 0.05), 草本植物多样性逐渐增加(p < 0.05); 中生植物种类所占比例分别为38.5%、55.9%和64.4%, 沼生植物的重要值逐渐减小(p < 0.05), 中生和旱生植物的重要值逐渐增大(p < 0.05), 表明冻土湿地的土壤水分条件逐渐中生化, 甚至出现旱生化趋势。地面芽植物在3个多年冻土区的湿地植物群落中始终占优势地位, 高位芽和地下芽植物次之, 反映了该区冬季漫长、严寒而潮湿, 夏季较短的气候特征。大片-岛状多年冻土区作为大片多年冻土区和稀疏岛状多年冻土区的过渡区, 其湿地植物群落的物种多样性和生态特征与稀疏岛状多年冻土区更相近。

关键词: 除趋势典范对应分析, 大兴安岭, 水分生态型, 生活型, 多年冻土, 物种多样性

Abstract:

Aims Changes in permafrost wetland plant communities were indicators of the retreat of permafrost in the Da Hinggan Mountains in China. Our objective was to understand the changes in species diversity and ecological characteristics of permafrost wetland plant communities along environmental gradients as the keys to predict changes in permafrost and permafrost wetlands in response to global warming.

Methods We analyzed the distribution of 24 permafrost wetland plant communities in the Da Hinggan Mountains using detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA). Species diversity, life forms and hydro- ecotypes of permafrost wetland plant communities were compared in three types of permafrost using multiple comparisons in ANOVA.

Important findings The 24 permafrost wetland plant communities were classified into three groups according to three types of permafrost. From the predominantly continuous permafrost to the sparsely island permafrost to the predominantly continuous and island permafrost, shrub diversity decreased (p < 0.05), herbaceous diversity increased (p < 0.05), the percentage of mesophytes was 38.5%, 55.9% and 64.4%, respectively, the importance value decreased for helophytes (p < 0.05) and increased for mesophytes and xerophiles (p < 0.05), suggesting that the soil moisture tended to a moderate amount of moisture, and even drought. Hemicryptophytes were dominant and phanerophytes and geophytes were subdominant in the three types of permafrost, suggesting short summers and long, cold, wet winters in the areas. The species diversity and ecological characteristics of permafrost wetland plant communities in the predominantly continuous and island permafrost were similar to that in the sparsely island permafrost.

Key words: detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA), Da Hinggan Mountains, hydro-ecotype, life form, permafrost, species diversity

孙菊, 李秀珍, 王宪伟, 吕久俊, 李宗梅, 胡远满. 大兴安岭冻土湿地植物群落结构的环境梯度分析. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(10): 1165-1173. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.10.005

SUN Ju, LI Xiu-Zhen, WANG Xian-Wei, LÜ Jiu-Jun, LI Zong-Mei, HU Yuan-Man. Analysis of structures of permafrost wetland plant communities along environmental gradients in the Da Hinggan Mountains, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(10): 1165-1173. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.10.005

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2010/V34/I10/1165

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冻土区类型 Permafrost type	大片多年冻土区 Predominantly continuous permafrost	大片-岛状多年冻土区 Predominantly continuous and island permafrost	稀疏岛状多年冻土区 Sparely island permafrost
样地 Sampling sites	1-16	17-20	21-24
纬度 Latitude (N)	50.69°-53.20°	49.57°-50.38°	48.83°-49.20°
经度 Longitude (E)	121.52°-123.00°	121.23°-121.71°	120.80°-121.31°
海拔 Altitude (m)	443-836	748-817	680-782
年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature (℃)	-4.2^a	-3.0^b	-1.1^c
年平均降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	437.2^a	431.1^ab	423.4^b
年平均湿度 Mean annual humidity (%)	69.8^a	68.3^b	65.7^c
年平均日照时间 Mean annual sunshine time (h)	2 450.8^a	2 586.7^b	2 680.7^c
多年冻土的连续性 Continuity of permafrost	75%-60%	60%-30%	< 30%
群落描述 Description of communities	主要优势灌木和草本植物为柴桦(Betula fruticosa)和白毛羊胡子草(Eriophorum vaginatum), 泥炭藓(Sphagnum spp.)的盖度为0-90% The main dominant shrubs and herbaceous plants were Betula fruticosa and Eriophorum vaginatum. The coverage of Sphagnum spp. was 0-90%.	主要优势灌木和草本植物为柴桦(B. fruticosa)和大穗薹草 (Carex rhynchophysa), 无泥炭藓(Sphagnum spp.) The main dominant shrubs and herbaceous plants were B. fruticosa and Carex rhynchophysa. There was no Sphagnum spp. in 24 plots.	主要优势灌木和草本植物为卷边柳(Salix siuzerii)和臌囊薹草(C. schmidtii), 无泥炭藓(Sphagnum spp.) The main dominant shrubs and herbaceous plants were Salix siuzerii and C. schmidtii. There was no Sphagnum spp. in 24 plots.

冻土区类型 Permafrost type	大片多年冻土区 Predominantly continuous permafrost	大片-岛状多年冻土区 Predominantly continuous and island permafrost	稀疏岛状多年冻土区 Sparely island permafrost
样地 Sampling sites	1-16	17-20	21-24
纬度 Latitude (N)	50.69°-53.20°	49.57°-50.38°	48.83°-49.20°
经度 Longitude (E)	121.52°-123.00°	121.23°-121.71°	120.80°-121.31°
海拔 Altitude (m)	443-836	748-817	680-782
年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature (℃)	-4.2^a	-3.0^b	-1.1^c
年平均降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	437.2^a	431.1^ab	423.4^b
年平均湿度 Mean annual humidity (%)	69.8^a	68.3^b	65.7^c
年平均日照时间 Mean annual sunshine time (h)	2 450.8^a	2 586.7^b	2 680.7^c
多年冻土的连续性 Continuity of permafrost	75%-60%	60%-30%	< 30%
群落描述 Description of communities	主要优势灌木和草本植物为柴桦(Betula fruticosa)和白毛羊胡子草(Eriophorum vaginatum), 泥炭藓(Sphagnum spp.)的盖度为0-90% The main dominant shrubs and herbaceous plants were Betula fruticosa and Eriophorum vaginatum. The coverage of Sphagnum spp. was 0-90%.	主要优势灌木和草本植物为柴桦(B. fruticosa)和大穗薹草 (Carex rhynchophysa), 无泥炭藓(Sphagnum spp.) The main dominant shrubs and herbaceous plants were B. fruticosa and Carex rhynchophysa. There was no Sphagnum spp. in 24 plots.	主要优势灌木和草本植物为卷边柳(Salix siuzerii)和臌囊薹草(C. schmidtii), 无泥炭藓(Sphagnum spp.) The main dominant shrubs and herbaceous plants were Salix siuzerii and C. schmidtii. There was no Sphagnum spp. in 24 plots.

生活型 Life form	大片多年冻土区 Predominantly continuous permafrost	大片-岛状多年冻土区 Predominantly continuous and island permafrost	稀疏岛状多年冻土区 Sparely island permafrost	df	F 值 F value
高位芽植物 Phanerophytes	1.047^a	1.000^b	1.000^b	2	7.816*
地上芽植物 Chamaephytes	0.004^a	0.001^a	0.000^a	2	0.292
地面芽植物 Hemicryptophytes	0.866^a	0.819^a	0.825^a	2	0.920
地下芽植物 Geophytes	0.079^a	0.177^b	0.168^b	2	6.127*
一年生植物 Therophytes	0.003^a	0.002^a	0.007^a	2	0.381

生活型 Life form	大片多年冻土区 Predominantly continuous permafrost	大片-岛状多年冻土区 Predominantly continuous and island permafrost	稀疏岛状多年冻土区 Sparely island permafrost	df	F 值 F value
高位芽植物 Phanerophytes	1.047^a	1.000^b	1.000^b	2	7.816*
地上芽植物 Chamaephytes	0.004^a	0.001^a	0.000^a	2	0.292
地面芽植物 Hemicryptophytes	0.866^a	0.819^a	0.825^a	2	0.920
地下芽植物 Geophytes	0.079^a	0.177^b	0.168^b	2	6.127*
一年生植物 Therophytes	0.003^a	0.002^a	0.007^a	2	0.381

水分生态型 Hydro-ecotype	大片多年冻土区 Predominantly continuous permafrost	大片-岛状多年冻土区 Predominantly continuous and island permafrost	稀疏岛状多年冻土区 Sparely island permafrost	df	F 值 F value
沼生植物 Helophytes	0.809^a	0.593^a	0.147^b	2	13.956*
湿生植物 Hygrophytes	0.845^a	0.751^a	1.072^b	2	6.571*
中生植物 Mesophytes	0.346^a	0.651^b	0.775^b	2	7.681*
旱生植物 Xerophils	0.001^a	0.005^b	0.006^ab	2	4.060*