Environmental factors correlated with species diversity in different tropical rain forest types in Jianfengling, Hainan Island, China

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00003

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Environmental factors are key factors impacting species distribution and determining species richness. An important question is whether the major environmental factor are the same in old-growth forests and secondary forests produced by logging. This question is very important for monitoring long-term changes in secondary tropical rain forests.
Methods A unique, robust data set consisting of 164 625 m² quadrats in a 160 km² tropical rainforest was set up from August 2007 to June 2009 in the middle of the Jianfengling Natural Reserve, Hainan Island, China. Forest logging history was determined and 17 environmental factors were measured for each quadrat. First, we analyzed the relationship among these 17 factors. Then, these quadrats were classified into three forest types with different logging history: old-growth forests, diameter-limit logged forests and clear-cut forests. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to analyze the environmental factors impacting species distributions. Step-forward multiple regression was used with and without considering spatial autocorrelation in the data set to disclose which environmental factors determined species richness.
Important findings The environmental factors impacting species distribution and determining species richness changed because of differences of forests logging history. Elevation is the second most important factor influencing patterns of species diversity. CCA showed that species distribution in old-growth forests is closely related to elevation, soil exchangeable calcium content, soil exchangeable magnesium content and four soil physical factors (soil density, maximum water holding content, capillary water-holding content and capillary porosity). Importance of soil total phosphorous content and available phosphorous content was greater in logged forests, but the importance of soil exchangeable calcium content and exchangeable magnesium content was lower in clear-cut forests. Multiple regression analysis also showed that species richness was significantly correlated with elevation and soil exchangeable calcium in the old-growth forests. While species richness was correlated with elevation, soil total phosphorous content and soil available potassium content in the diameter-limit logged forests and was only correlated with elevation in the clear-cut forests. Furthermore, it is suggested it is better to compare the spatial autocorrelation models with other models to describe the relationship between environmental factors and species richness, even it does not always exist in the ecological data set with spatial characteristics.

Key words: environmental factor, forest logging, Jianfengling, spatial autocorrelation, species distribution, species diversity

XU Han, LI Yi-De, LUO Tu-Shou, CHEN De-Xiang, LIN Ming-Xian. Environmental factors correlated with species diversity in different tropical rain forest types in Jianfengling, Hainan Island, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2013, 37(1): 26-36.

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Figures/Tables 8

References 35

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环境因子 Environmental factor	海拔 Elevation	坡度 Slope degree	坡向 Slope aspect	坡位 Slope position	土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon content	土壤全氮含量 Soil total nitrogen content	土壤全磷含量 Soil total phosphorus content	土壤全钾含量 Soil total potassium content	土壤交换性钙含量 Soil exchangeable calcium content	土壤交换性镁含量 Soil exchangeable magnesium content	土壤速效钾含量 Soil available potassium content	土壤碱解氮含量 Soil alkali dispelled nitrogen content	土壤速效磷含量 Soil available phosphorus content	土壤密度 Soil density	土壤最大持水量 Soil maximum water holding content	土壤毛细管持水量 Soil capillary water holding content	土壤毛管孔隙度 Soil capillary porosity
海拔 Elevation	-
坡度 Slope degree	0.006
坡向 Slope aspect	-0.002	-0.298^**
坡位 Slope position	0.009	-0.190^*	0.146
土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon content	0.352^**	-0.011	0.019	-0.109
土壤全氮含量 Soil total nitrogen content	0.366^**	0.070	0.079	-0.013	0.775^**
土壤全磷含量 Soil total phosphorus content	0.079	0.029	0.123	0.138	0.276^**	0.452^**
土壤全钾含量 Soil total potassium content	-0.230^**	0.309^**	-0.098	-0.029	-0.144	-0.031	0.104
土壤交换性钙含量 Soil exchangeable calcium content	-0.126	0.037	0.017	0.097	0.069	0.157*	0.718^**	0.130
土壤交换性镁含量 Soil exchangeable magnesium content	-0.238^**	0.072	-0.010	0.055	0.037	0.130	0.691^**	0.242^**	0.932^**
土壤速效钾含量 Soil available potassium content	-0.409^**	0.216^**	-0.171^*	-0.070	-0.155^*	-0.127	-0.041	0.620^**	0.131	0.307^**
土壤碱解氮含量 Soil alkali dispelled nitrogen content	0.471^**	-0.034	0.131	-0.018	0.521^**	0.667^**	0.444^**	-0.109	0.074	0.017	-0.180^*
土壤速效磷含量 Soil available phosphorus content	-0.204^**	0.083	0.032	0.098	0.134	0.247^**	0.587^**	0.306^**	0.480^**	0.498^**	0.136	0.172^*
土壤密度 Soil density	-0.759^**	0.071	-0.033	0.062	-0.345^**	-0.371^**	-0.186^*	0.327^**	0.045	0.168^*	0.403^**	-0.597^**	0.171^*
土壤最大持水量 Soil maximum water holding content	0.570^**	-0.109	0.138	-0.019	0.142	0.261^**	0.202^**	-0.239^**	0.065	-0.032	-0.280^**	0.431^**	-0.175^*	-0.691^**
土壤毛细管持水量 Soil capillary water holding content	0.497^**	-0.169^*	0.173^*	0.029	0.107	0.161^*	0.098	-0.304^**	0.064	-0.058	-0.396^**	0.198^*	-0.304^**	-0.403^**	0.743^**
土壤毛管孔隙度 Soil capillary porosity	0.499^**	-0.167^*	0.173^*	0.026	0.109	0.161^*	0.097	-0.304^**	0.062	-0.060	-0.395^**	0.200^*	-0.306^**	-0.405^**	0.743^**	1.000^**	-

环境因子 Environmental factor	海拔 Elevation	坡度 Slope degree	坡向 Slope aspect	坡位 Slope position	土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon content	土壤全氮含量 Soil total nitrogen content	土壤全磷含量 Soil total phosphorus content	土壤全钾含量 Soil total potassium content	土壤交换性钙含量 Soil exchangeable calcium content	土壤交换性镁含量 Soil exchangeable magnesium content	土壤速效钾含量 Soil available potassium content	土壤碱解氮含量 Soil alkali dispelled nitrogen content	土壤速效磷含量 Soil available phosphorus content	土壤密度 Soil density	土壤最大持水量 Soil maximum water holding content	土壤毛细管持水量 Soil capillary water holding content	土壤毛管孔隙度 Soil capillary porosity
海拔 Elevation	-
坡度 Slope degree	0.006
坡向 Slope aspect	-0.002	-0.298^**
坡位 Slope position	0.009	-0.190^*	0.146
土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon content	0.352^**	-0.011	0.019	-0.109
土壤全氮含量 Soil total nitrogen content	0.366^**	0.070	0.079	-0.013	0.775^**
土壤全磷含量 Soil total phosphorus content	0.079	0.029	0.123	0.138	0.276^**	0.452^**
土壤全钾含量 Soil total potassium content	-0.230^**	0.309^**	-0.098	-0.029	-0.144	-0.031	0.104
土壤交换性钙含量 Soil exchangeable calcium content	-0.126	0.037	0.017	0.097	0.069	0.157*	0.718^**	0.130
土壤交换性镁含量 Soil exchangeable magnesium content	-0.238^**	0.072	-0.010	0.055	0.037	0.130	0.691^**	0.242^**	0.932^**
土壤速效钾含量 Soil available potassium content	-0.409^**	0.216^**	-0.171^*	-0.070	-0.155^*	-0.127	-0.041	0.620^**	0.131	0.307^**
土壤碱解氮含量 Soil alkali dispelled nitrogen content	0.471^**	-0.034	0.131	-0.018	0.521^**	0.667^**	0.444^**	-0.109	0.074	0.017	-0.180^*
土壤速效磷含量 Soil available phosphorus content	-0.204^**	0.083	0.032	0.098	0.134	0.247^**	0.587^**	0.306^**	0.480^**	0.498^**	0.136	0.172^*
土壤密度 Soil density	-0.759^**	0.071	-0.033	0.062	-0.345^**	-0.371^**	-0.186^*	0.327^**	0.045	0.168^*	0.403^**	-0.597^**	0.171^*
土壤最大持水量 Soil maximum water holding content	0.570^**	-0.109	0.138	-0.019	0.142	0.261^**	0.202^**	-0.239^**	0.065	-0.032	-0.280^**	0.431^**	-0.175^*	-0.691^**
土壤毛细管持水量 Soil capillary water holding content	0.497^**	-0.169^*	0.173^*	0.029	0.107	0.161^*	0.098	-0.304^**	0.064	-0.058	-0.396^**	0.198^*	-0.304^**	-0.403^**	0.743^**
土壤毛管孔隙度 Soil capillary porosity	0.499^**	-0.167^*	0.173^*	0.026	0.109	0.161^*	0.097	-0.304^**	0.062	-0.060	-0.395^**	0.200^*	-0.306^**	-0.405^**	0.743^**	1.000^**	-

环境因子 Environmental factor	原始林 Old-growth forest			径级择伐后恢复森林 Recovered forest after diameter-limit logging			皆伐后恢复森林 Recovered forest after clear-cutting
环境因子 Environmental factor	第1轴 Axis 1	第2轴 Axis 2	第3轴Axis 3	第1轴 Axis 1	第2轴 Axis 2	第3轴Axis 3	第1轴 Axis 1	第2轴 Axis 2	第3轴 Axis 3
海拔 Elevation	0.01	-0.18	0.31	-0.03	0.36	0.15	0.11	-0.32	-0.07
坡度 Slope degree	-0.14	0.12	-0.39	0.03	-0.03	0.04	-0.04	-0.02	0.42
坡向 Slope aspect	-0.01	-0.09	-0.53	0.10	-0.21	-0.63	-0.09	-0.12	0.38
坡位 Slope position	0.34	-0.83	-0.11	-0.09	0.87	0.08	-0.60	-0.51	0.24
土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon content	0.11	-0.54	0.11	0.07	0.14	0.26	-0.05	0.54	-0.18
土壤全氮含量 Soil total nitrogen content	-0.07	-0.57	-0.11	0.10	0.31	0.07	-0.21	-0.02	0.28
土壤全磷含量 Soil total phosphorus content	-0.26	-0.10	-0.54	0.79	0.12	-0.33	0.08	0.09	0.76
土壤全钾含量 Soil total potassium content	-0.27	0.11	-0.25	0.01	-0.23	-0.50	0.10	-0.33	0.14
土壤交换性钙含量 Soil exchangeable calcium content	-0.91	-0.13	-0.08	0.97	0.04	-0.11	0.13	0.14	-0.42
土壤交换性镁含量 Soil exchangeable magnesium content	-0.51	0.23	-0.24	0.92	-0.04	-0.17	0.32	0.37	-0.33
土壤速效钾含量 Soil available potassium content	-0.15	0.26	-0.23	-0.04	-0.14	-0.43	0.20	0.23	-0.45
土壤碱解氮含量 Soil alkali dispelled nitrogen content	0.04	-0.61	-0.21	0.09	0.53	0.05	-0.46	-0.19	0.55
土壤速效磷含量 Soil available phosphorus content	-0.34	0.29	-0.31	0.60	-0.27	-0.14	0.81	-0.13	0.47
土壤密度 Soil density	-0.29	0.65	0.23	-0.04	-0.63	-0.18	0.59	0.26	-0.49
土壤最大持水量 Soil maximum water holding content	0.17	-0.56	-0.38	0.11	0.68	0.05	-0.35	-0.52	0.37
土壤毛细管持水量 Soil capillary water holding content	0.15	-0.65	-0.03	0.14	0.51	0.15	-0.25	-0.60	0.20
土壤毛管孔隙度 Soil capillary porosity	0.15	-0.65	-0.03	0.13	0.51	0.15	-0.26	-0.60	0.20

环境因子 Environmental factor	原始林 Old-growth forest			径级择伐后恢复森林 Recovered forest after diameter-limit logging			皆伐后恢复森林 Recovered forest after clear-cutting
环境因子 Environmental factor	第1轴 Axis 1	第2轴 Axis 2	第3轴Axis 3	第1轴 Axis 1	第2轴 Axis 2	第3轴Axis 3	第1轴 Axis 1	第2轴 Axis 2	第3轴 Axis 3
海拔 Elevation	0.01	-0.18	0.31	-0.03	0.36	0.15	0.11	-0.32	-0.07
坡度 Slope degree	-0.14	0.12	-0.39	0.03	-0.03	0.04	-0.04	-0.02	0.42
坡向 Slope aspect	-0.01	-0.09	-0.53	0.10	-0.21	-0.63	-0.09	-0.12	0.38
坡位 Slope position	0.34	-0.83	-0.11	-0.09	0.87	0.08	-0.60	-0.51	0.24
土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon content	0.11	-0.54	0.11	0.07	0.14	0.26	-0.05	0.54	-0.18
土壤全氮含量 Soil total nitrogen content	-0.07	-0.57	-0.11	0.10	0.31	0.07	-0.21	-0.02	0.28
土壤全磷含量 Soil total phosphorus content	-0.26	-0.10	-0.54	0.79	0.12	-0.33	0.08	0.09	0.76
土壤全钾含量 Soil total potassium content	-0.27	0.11	-0.25	0.01	-0.23	-0.50	0.10	-0.33	0.14
土壤交换性钙含量 Soil exchangeable calcium content	-0.91	-0.13	-0.08	0.97	0.04	-0.11	0.13	0.14	-0.42
土壤交换性镁含量 Soil exchangeable magnesium content	-0.51	0.23	-0.24	0.92	-0.04	-0.17	0.32	0.37	-0.33
土壤速效钾含量 Soil available potassium content	-0.15	0.26	-0.23	-0.04	-0.14	-0.43	0.20	0.23	-0.45
土壤碱解氮含量 Soil alkali dispelled nitrogen content	0.04	-0.61	-0.21	0.09	0.53	0.05	-0.46	-0.19	0.55
土壤速效磷含量 Soil available phosphorus content	-0.34	0.29	-0.31	0.60	-0.27	-0.14	0.81	-0.13	0.47
土壤密度 Soil density	-0.29	0.65	0.23	-0.04	-0.63	-0.18	0.59	0.26	-0.49
土壤最大持水量 Soil maximum water holding content	0.17	-0.56	-0.38	0.11	0.68	0.05	-0.35	-0.52	0.37
土壤毛细管持水量 Soil capillary water holding content	0.15	-0.65	-0.03	0.14	0.51	0.15	-0.25	-0.60	0.20
土壤毛管孔隙度 Soil capillary porosity	0.15	-0.65	-0.03	0.13	0.51	0.15	-0.26	-0.60	0.20

环境因子 Environmental factor	普通最小二乘法模型 Ordinary least-squares model			联立空间自相关模型 Spatial simultaneous autoregressive error model
环境因子 Environmental factor	估计值±标准误差 Estimated value ± SE	t值 t-value	显著性检验P_r(>\|t\|)	估计值±标准误差 Estimated value ± SE	t值 t-value	显著性检验 P_r(>\|t\|)
截距 Intercept	50.838 ± 6.561	7.749	<0.001	51.120 ± 6.277	8.144	<0.001
海拔 Elevation	0.037 ± 0.007	5.021	<0.001	0.037 ± 0.007	5.206	<0.001
土壤交换性钙 Soil exchangeable calcium content	-12.629 ± 3.537	-3.570	<0.001	-12.779 ± 3.414	-3.743	<0.001