Interactive effects of soil acidification and phosphorus deficiency on photosynthetic characteristics and growth in Juglans regia seedlings

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00129

Abstract

Abstract:

AimsOur main purposes were to explore effects of phosphorus deficiency and soil acidification on growth, water balance and phosphorus nutrition in Juglans regia seedlings and to investigate the hydraulic mechanism involved in reduced photosynthesis and growth.

Methods We measured growth, hydraulic characteristics, and gas exchanges in J. regia seedlings. The effects of phosphorus deficiency and soil acidification on xylem anatomic structure, water balance and photosynthetic characteristics were also analyzed.

Important findings Soil acidification inhibited the phosphorous uptake and utilization efficiency in J. regia seedlings. A combination of soil acidification and phosphorous deficiency interrupted water balance, and reduced photosynthesis and growth of J. regia seedlings. Under soil acidification and phosphorus deficiency, non-stomatal factors also played a role in inhibiting photosynthesis.

Key words: growth, hydraulic conductance, Juglans regia, pH value, phosphorus nutrition, photosynthetic characteristics

ZHANG Cui-Ping, MENG Ping, LI Jian-Zhong, WAN Xian-Chong. Interactive effects of soil acidification and phosphorus deficiency on photosynthetic characteristics and growth in Juglans regia seedlings[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2014, 38(12): 1345-1355.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00129

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2014/V38/I12/1345

Figures/Tables 16

Table 1 Composition of nutrient solution under different phosphorus treatments (mmol·L-1)

营养元素 Nutrition	缺磷 Phosphorus deficiency	正常磷 Normal phosphorus
KNO₃	4	2
K₂HPO₄	-	1
NH₄NO₃	1	2
(NH₄)₂SO₄	3	3
K₂SO₄	-	-
MgSO₄	2	2
KH₂PO₄	-	-
Ca(NO₃)₂	2	2

Fig. 1 Phosphorus content in soil (mean ± SE). CK, normal phosphorus and pH 6.0; T1, normal phosphorus and pH 3.0; T2, phosphorus deficiency and pH 6.0; T3, phosphorus deficiency and pH 3.0. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

Table 2 Two-way ANOVA for testing the effects of phosphorus and pH value on phosphorus content in soil and seedlings

	土壤 Soil		根 Root		叶片 Leaf		茎 Shoot		全株 Total plant
	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.
Phosphorus (P)	324.527	0.000	121.359	0.000	188.985	0.000	57.784	0.000	431.250	0.000
pH	0.127	0.731	33.458	0.000	129.631	0.000	28.593	0.001	202.247	0.000
P × pH	5.428	0.055	2.314	0.167	56.035	0.000	6.718	0.032	24.811	0.001

Fig. 2 Phosphorus content in different organs of Juglans regia (mean ± SE). CK, normal phosphorus and pH 6.0; T1, normal phosphorus and pH 3.0; T2, phosphorus deficiency and pH 6.0; T3, phosphorus deficiency and pH 3.0. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

Table 3 Growth and biomass allocation in Juglans regia seedlings under different treatments

生长指标 Growth variable	处理 Treatment
生长指标 Growth variable	CK	T1	T2	T3
根生物量 Root biomass	109.59^b	102.16^c	121.61^a	89.52^d
茎生物量 Shoot biomass	33.36^a	29.27^b	26.33^b	22.12^c
叶生物量 Leaf biomass	16.76^a	15.10^a	14.31^a	9.77^a
地下生物量/地上生物量 Root biomass / Shoot biomass	2.19^b	2.31^b	3.01^a	2.83^a
高生长 Height increment (cm)	10.23^a	9.18^b	8.68^b	7.68^c
茎生长 Diameter growth (mm)	4.76^a	2.61^b	2.09^bc	1.69^c
叶面积 Leaf area (cm²)	116.96^a	96.43^b	87.43^bc	82.82^c

Table 4 Two-way ANOVA for testing the effects of phosphorus and pH value on growth and biomass allocation in Juglans regia seedlings

	根生物量 Root biomass		茎生物量 Shoot biomass		叶生物量 Leaf biomass		地下生物量/地上生物量 Root biomass / Shoot biomass		高生长 Height increment (cm)		茎生长 Diameter growth (mm)		叶面积 Leaf area (cm²)
	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.
Phosphorus (P)	0.056	0.817	38.236	0.000	0.106	0.749	46.398	0.000	13.89	0.001	87.615	0.000	30.435	0.000
pH	224.433	0.000	13.113	0.002	0.108	0.747	0.085	0.775	9.360	0.004	45.942	0.000	8.775	0.004
P × pH	87.391	0.000	0.003	0.958	0.858	0.368	2.238	0.154	0.028	0.868	23.349	0.000	3.307	0.073

Fig. 3 The relationships between pressure drop and water velocity in Juglans regia roots under different treatments. CK, normal phosphorus and pH 6.0; T1, normal phosphorus and pH 3.0; T2, phosphorus deficiency and pH 6.0; T3, phosphorus deficiency and pH 3.0.

Fig. 4 Root hydraulic conductivity in Juglans regia seedlings under different treatments (mean ± SE). CK, normal phosphorus and pH 6.0; T1, normal phosphorus and pH 3.0; T2, phosphorus deficiency and pH 6.0; T3, phosphorus deficiency and pH 3.0. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

Fig. 5 Leaf water potential (WP) in Juglans regia under different treatments (mean ± SE). CK, normal phosphorus and pH 6.0; T1, normal phosphorus and pH 3.0; T2, phosphorus deficiency and pH 6.0; T3, phosphorus deficiency and pH 3.0. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

Fig. 6 Hydraulic conductivity and percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) in Juglans regia petioles under different treatments (mean ± SE). CK, normal phosphorus and pH 6.0; T1, normal phosphorus and pH 3.0; T2, phosphorus deficiency and pH 6.0; T3, phosphorus deficiency and pH 3.0. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

Table 5 Two-way ANOVA for testing the effects of phosphorus and pH value on root hydraulic conductivity and petiole water transport in Juglans regia seedlings

	根系导水率 Root hydraulic conductance		导水损失率 Percentage loss of hydraulic conductance		导水率 Hydraulic conductivity		导管密度 Vessel density (No.·mm^-2)		导管直径 Vessel diameter (μm)
	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.
Phosphorus (P)	5.132	0.043	59.903	0.000	33.211	0.000	76.056	0.000	6.285	0.017
pH	5.578	0.036	23.256	0.000	19.911	0.000	61.606	0.000	2.637	0.114
P × pH	0.367	0.556	4.646	0.051	1.069	0.317	2.714	0.108	0.525	0.474

Fig. 7 Variations of gas exchanges in Juglans regia seedlings under different treatments (mean ± SE). CK, normal phosphorus and pH 6.0; T1, normal phosphorus and pH 3.0; T2, phosphorous deficiency and pH 6.0; T3, phosphorus deficiency and pH 3.0. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

Table 6 Anatomical structure of petiole xylem in Juglans regia seedlings under different treatments (mean ± SE)

处理 Treatment	CK	T1	T2	T3
导管密度 Vessel density (No.·mm^-2)	318 ± 41.35^a	236 ± 23.30^b	229 ± 20.88^b	175 ± 16.41^c
导管直径 Vessel diameter (μm)	28.43 ± 3.32^a	27.74 ± 2.04^a	27.0 ± 2.31^ab	24.8 ± 1.84^b

Table 7 Two-way ANOVA for testing the effects of phosphorus and pH value on phosphorus characteristics in Juglans regia seedlings

	P_n		G_s		T_r		F_v/F_m		Φ_PSII		q_P		NPQ
	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.
Phosphorus (P)	48.676	0.000	19.368	0.000	20.750	0.000	15.241	0.001	20.073	0.000	26.746	0.000	22.131	0.000
pH	17.963	0.000	7.118	0.016	29.513	0.000	7.402	0.013	11.444	0.003	7.512	0.013	17.880	0.001
P × pH	1.447	0.245	0.247	0.626	4.459	0.052	0.013	0.910	0.066	0.800	0.748	0.398	0.184	0.674

Fig. 8 Parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence in Juglans regia seedlings under different treatments (mean ± SE). CK, normal phosphorus and pH 6.0; T1, normal phosphorus and pH 3.0; T2, phosphorus deficiency and pH 6.0; T3, phosphorus deficiency and pH 3.0. ΦPSII, quantum yield of PSII; Fv/Fm, maximum efficiency of PSII; NPQ, non-photochemical quenching; qP, photochemical quenching. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

Fig. 9 Microstructure of petiole xylem vessel under different treatments. A, Normal phosphorus and pH 6.0. B, Normal phosphorus and pH 3.0. C, Phosphorus deficiency and pH 6.0. D, Phosphorus deficiency and pH 3.0.

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