Optimal plant traits and plant functional types responsible to clipping, fertilizing and watering in alpine meadow

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00040

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Our objective was to study vegetation dynamics and changes in ecosystem functions based on plant traits and characteristics of plant functional types (PFTs).
Methods A field manipulation experiment with a split-plot design was conducted in alpine meadow at the Haibei Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences from 2007 to 2011. Three clipping levels (stubbled 1 cm, 3 cm and unclipped) were used on the whole plot and subplots were treated with or without fertilizer and watering. The recursive algorithm and multivariate analysis were implemented to search for optimal trait subsets and plant response types (PRTs), which could response to experimental treatments, and to identify plant effect types (PETs) impacting the aboveground net primary productivity of community.
Important findings Under each of four resource conditions, i.e., unfertilized and unwatered (NFNW), fertilized only (F), watered only (W) and fertilized and watered (FW), the optimal response trait subsets were different, i.e., leaf margin-plant height-leaf weight-specific leaf area, life cycle-plant height-leaf weight-specific leaf area, life cycle-chlorophyll content-leaf surface-plant height-leaf weight-specific leaf area, and propagative organ-leaf margin-plant height, respectively. Of these responses, plant height, leaf weight and specific leaf area were more sensitive to treatments than others. Under the resource conditions, we found 14 optimal PRTs and four PETs in all of the PFTs. These PETs can explain 50.3%-86.4% of variation in productivity. The optimal PRTs and the optimal PETs account for 70% and 20% of all PFTs. PETs account for 28.5% of PRTs, therefore, there was partial overlap between PETs and PRTs. These results indicate that both vegetation response to grazing disturbance and ecosystem functioning changes could be accurately reflected by easily measurable plant functional traits. However, the optimal trait subsets and PFTs could be different depending on when the heterogeneity of resources is taken into account. PETs are the optimal PFTs reflecting vegetation response to grazing disturbance, but also changes in ecosystem functioning.

Key words: clipping, fertilizing, functional effect type, functional response type, plant functional trait, watering

LI Yan,ZHU Zhi-Hong. Optimal plant traits and plant functional types responsible to clipping, fertilizing and watering in alpine meadow[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2013, 37(5): 384-396.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00040

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2013/V37/I5/384

Figures/Tables 7

References 35

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性状 Trait	性状符号 Trait label	性状类型 Trait type	赋值分类状态 Evaluated classification state
生长型 Growth form	gf	定性性状 Qualitative trait	1, 直立疏丛生; 2, 莲座; 3, 密丛生; 4, 匍匐状; 5, 垫状; 6, 单株 1, erect caespitose; 2, rosette; 3, close caespitose; 4, stoloniferous; 5, mat forming; 6, solitary
生活周期 Life cycle	lc	定性性状 Qualitative trait	0, 非多年生; 1, 多年生 0, not perennial; 1, perennial
营养繁殖器官 Organ of vegetative propagation	ovp	定性性状 Qualitative trait	1, 根茎; 2, 无; 3, 匍匐茎; 4, 块茎; 5, 直立茎 1, rhizome; 2, absent; 3, creeping stem; 4, tuber; 5, straight stem
经济类群 Economic group	eg	定性性状 Qualitative trait	1, 禾草; 2, 莎草; 3, 豆科植物; 4, 杂类草 1, Gramineae; 2, Cyperaceae; 3, Leguminosae; 4, forbs
叶表面特征 Leaf surface characteristic	lsc	定性性状 Qualitative trait	1, 光滑; 2, 具毛; 3, 具刺 1, glabrous; 2, hairy; 3, needle
叶缘 Leaf margin	lm	定性性状 Qualitative trait	1, 全缘; 2, 锯齿; 3, 深裂; 4, 全裂 1, entire margin; 2, sawtooth; 3, deep lobed; 4, entire lobed
叶形 Leaf shape	ls	定性性状 Qualitative trait	1, 线形; 2, 卵形; 3, 长椭圆形; 4, 披针形; 5, 倒披针形; 6, 倒卵形; 7, 剑形; 8, 阔椭圆形 1, linear; 2, ovate; 3, oblong; 4, lanceolate; 5, oblanceolate; 6, obovate; 7, swordlike; 8, broad oblong
株高 Plant height (cm)	ph	定量性状Quantitative trait	1, <7.5; 2, ≥7.5-<16; 3, ≥16-<24; 4, ≥24-<32; 5, ≥32-<40; 6, ≥40
叶片叶绿素含量 Leaf chlorophyll content (%)	lch	定量性状Quantitative trait	1, <15; 2, ≥15-<20; 3, ≥20-<30; 4, ≥30-<40; 5, ≥40-<50; 6, ≥50
单株叶面积 Leaf area per plant (cm²)	la	定量性状Quantitative trait	1, <15; 2, ≥15-<30; 3, ≥30-<45; 4, ≥45-<60; 5, ≥60-<75; 6, ≥75
单株叶干质量 Leaf dry weight per plant (mg)	lw	定量性状Quantitative trait	1, <50; 2, ≥50-<100; 3, ≥100-<200; 4, ≥200-<400; 5, ≥400-<600; 6, ≥600
比叶面积 Specific leaf area (m²·kg^-1)	sla	定量性状Quantitative trait	1, <0.2; 2, ≥0.2-<0.4; 3, ≥0.4-<0.6; 4, ≥0.6-<0.8; 5, ≥0.8

性状 Trait	性状符号 Trait label	性状类型 Trait type	赋值分类状态 Evaluated classification state
生长型 Growth form	gf	定性性状 Qualitative trait	1, 直立疏丛生; 2, 莲座; 3, 密丛生; 4, 匍匐状; 5, 垫状; 6, 单株 1, erect caespitose; 2, rosette; 3, close caespitose; 4, stoloniferous; 5, mat forming; 6, solitary
生活周期 Life cycle	lc	定性性状 Qualitative trait	0, 非多年生; 1, 多年生 0, not perennial; 1, perennial
营养繁殖器官 Organ of vegetative propagation	ovp	定性性状 Qualitative trait	1, 根茎; 2, 无; 3, 匍匐茎; 4, 块茎; 5, 直立茎 1, rhizome; 2, absent; 3, creeping stem; 4, tuber; 5, straight stem
经济类群 Economic group	eg	定性性状 Qualitative trait	1, 禾草; 2, 莎草; 3, 豆科植物; 4, 杂类草 1, Gramineae; 2, Cyperaceae; 3, Leguminosae; 4, forbs
叶表面特征 Leaf surface characteristic	lsc	定性性状 Qualitative trait	1, 光滑; 2, 具毛; 3, 具刺 1, glabrous; 2, hairy; 3, needle
叶缘 Leaf margin	lm	定性性状 Qualitative trait	1, 全缘; 2, 锯齿; 3, 深裂; 4, 全裂 1, entire margin; 2, sawtooth; 3, deep lobed; 4, entire lobed
叶形 Leaf shape	ls	定性性状 Qualitative trait	1, 线形; 2, 卵形; 3, 长椭圆形; 4, 披针形; 5, 倒披针形; 6, 倒卵形; 7, 剑形; 8, 阔椭圆形 1, linear; 2, ovate; 3, oblong; 4, lanceolate; 5, oblanceolate; 6, obovate; 7, swordlike; 8, broad oblong
株高 Plant height (cm)	ph	定量性状Quantitative trait	1, <7.5; 2, ≥7.5-<16; 3, ≥16-<24; 4, ≥24-<32; 5, ≥32-<40; 6, ≥40
叶片叶绿素含量 Leaf chlorophyll content (%)	lch	定量性状Quantitative trait	1, <15; 2, ≥15-<20; 3, ≥20-<30; 4, ≥30-<40; 5, ≥40-<50; 6, ≥50
单株叶面积 Leaf area per plant (cm²)	la	定量性状Quantitative trait	1, <15; 2, ≥15-<30; 3, ≥30-<45; 4, ≥45-<60; 5, ≥60-<75; 6, ≥75
单株叶干质量 Leaf dry weight per plant (mg)	lw	定量性状Quantitative trait	1, <50; 2, ≥50-<100; 3, ≥100-<200; 4, ≥200-<400; 5, ≥400-<600; 6, ≥600
比叶面积 Specific leaf area (m²·kg^-1)	sla	定量性状Quantitative trait	1, <0.2; 2, ≥0.2-<0.4; 3, ≥0.4-<0.6; 4, ≥0.6-<0.8; 5, ≥0.8

处理	性状集编号	叠合性MD;A)	性状符号与性状集
Treatment	No. of trait subset	Congruence /?(D;A)	Trait label and trait subset
NFNW	1	0.537	sla
	2	0.572	lw	sla
	3	0.579	lm	ph	sla
	4	0.585	lm	ph	lw	sla
	5	0.583	lc	lm	lch	Ph	sla
	6	0.576	lc	lm	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	7	0.561	lc	lsc	lm	lch	ph	lw	sla
	8	0.544	lc	lsc	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	sla
	9	0.518	lc	lsc	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	lw	sla
	10	0.479	lc	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	lw	sla
	11	0.427	gf	lc	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	Ph	la	lw	sla
	12	0.35	gf	lc	ovp	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	lw	sla
F	1	0.566	Ph
	2	0.66	lw	sla
	3	0.713	ph	lw	sla
	4	0.715	lc	ph	lw	sla
	5	0.712	lc	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	6	0.71	lc	ovp	lch	ph	lw	sla
	7	0.691	lc	ovp	lm	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	8	0.673	lc	ovp	eg	lm	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	9	0.652	lc	ovp	eg	Is	lm	lch	ph	lw	sla
	10	0.629	gf	lc	ovp	eg	lsc	lm	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	11	0.596	gf	lc	ovp	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	12	0.516	gf	lc	ovp	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	lw	sla
W	1	0.557	ph
	2	0.672	lsc	Ph
	3	0.751	lsc	ph	lw
	4	0.769	lsc	lch	Ph	lw
	5	0.797	lsc	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	6	0.8	lc	lsc	lch	ph	lw	sla
	7	0.778	lc	lsc	Is	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	8	0.75	lc	eg	lsc	Is	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	9	0.691	gf	lc	eg	lsc	Is	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	10	0.64	gf	lc	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	11	0.573	gf	lc	ovp	eg	lsc	Is	lch	Ph	la	lw	sla
	12	0.514	gf	lc	ovp	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	Ph	la	lw	sla
FW	1	0.602	lm
	2	0.698	ovp	ph
	3	0.744	ovp	lm	ph
	4	0.738	lc	ovp	lm	ph
	5	0.717	lc	ovp	lch	ph	sla
	6	0.72	lc	ovp	lch	ph	la	sla
	7	0.72	lc	ovp	lm	lch	Ph	la	sla
	8	0.711	lc	ovp	Is	lm	lch	Ph	la	sla
	9	0.688	gf	lc	ovp	lm	lch	Ph	la	lw	sla
	10	0.667	gf	lc	ovp	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	lw	sla
	11	0.644	gf	lc	ovp	eg	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	lw	sla
	12	0.592	gf	lc	ovp	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	lw	sla

处理	性状集编号	叠合性MD;A)	性状符号与性状集
Treatment	No. of trait subset	Congruence /?(D;A)	Trait label and trait subset
NFNW	1	0.537	sla
	2	0.572	lw	sla
	3	0.579	lm	ph	sla
	4	0.585	lm	ph	lw	sla
	5	0.583	lc	lm	lch	Ph	sla
	6	0.576	lc	lm	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	7	0.561	lc	lsc	lm	lch	ph	lw	sla
	8	0.544	lc	lsc	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	sla
	9	0.518	lc	lsc	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	lw	sla
	10	0.479	lc	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	lw	sla
	11	0.427	gf	lc	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	Ph	la	lw	sla
	12	0.35	gf	lc	ovp	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	lw	sla
F	1	0.566	Ph
	2	0.66	lw	sla
	3	0.713	ph	lw	sla
	4	0.715	lc	ph	lw	sla
	5	0.712	lc	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	6	0.71	lc	ovp	lch	ph	lw	sla
	7	0.691	lc	ovp	lm	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	8	0.673	lc	ovp	eg	lm	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	9	0.652	lc	ovp	eg	Is	lm	lch	ph	lw	sla
	10	0.629	gf	lc	ovp	eg	lsc	lm	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	11	0.596	gf	lc	ovp	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	12	0.516	gf	lc	ovp	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	lw	sla
W	1	0.557	ph
	2	0.672	lsc	Ph
	3	0.751	lsc	ph	lw
	4	0.769	lsc	lch	Ph	lw
	5	0.797	lsc	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	6	0.8	lc	lsc	lch	ph	lw	sla
	7	0.778	lc	lsc	Is	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	8	0.75	lc	eg	lsc	Is	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	9	0.691	gf	lc	eg	lsc	Is	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	10	0.64	gf	lc	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	Ph	lw	sla
	11	0.573	gf	lc	ovp	eg	lsc	Is	lch	Ph	la	lw	sla
	12	0.514	gf	lc	ovp	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	Ph	la	lw	sla
FW	1	0.602	lm
	2	0.698	ovp	ph
	3	0.744	ovp	lm	ph
	4	0.738	lc	ovp	lm	ph
	5	0.717	lc	ovp	lch	ph	sla
	6	0.72	lc	ovp	lch	ph	la	sla
	7	0.72	lc	ovp	lm	lch	Ph	la	sla
	8	0.711	lc	ovp	Is	lm	lch	Ph	la	sla
	9	0.688	gf	lc	ovp	lm	lch	Ph	la	lw	sla
	10	0.667	gf	lc	ovp	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	lw	sla
	11	0.644	gf	lc	ovp	eg	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	lw	sla
	12	0.592	gf	lc	ovp	eg	lsc	Is	lm	lch	ph	la	lw	sla

处理 Treatment	最优性状集 Optimal traits subset	TCAP ρ(TE)	TCAP and TDAP ρ(XE)	TDAP ρ(XE.T)	所有性状 All traits ρ(D;?)	性状冗余 Trait redundancy ρ(XE)-ρ(D;?)
NFNW	lm-ph-lw-sla	0.587 (p = 0.002)	0.585 (p = 0.001)	0.131 (p = 0.192)	0.350	0.235
F	lc-ph-lw-sla	0.721 (p = 0.001)	0.715 (p = 0.001)	0.125 (p = 0.169)	0.516	0.199
W	lc-lsc-lch-ph-lw-sla	0.663 (p = 0.001)	0.800 (p = 0.001)	0.601 (p = 0.001)	0.514	0.286
FW	ovp-lm-ph	0.642 (p = 0.001)	0.744 (p = 0.001)	0.528 (p = 0.005)	0.592	0.152