降水格局改变背景下土壤呼吸变化的主要影响因素及其调控过程

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2017.0208

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球气候变化带来降水格局的改变。土壤呼吸是土壤碳库向大气释放CO₂的重要途径, 其对降水变化的响应对陆地生态系统碳循环和全球气候变化进程有着重要的意义。该研究收集了来自全球各地土壤呼吸对降水变化响应的控制试验结果进行分析, 以揭示降水格局变化对土壤呼吸影响的普遍规律和控制机制。结果显示: 增加降水促进土壤呼吸2%-135%, 减少降水抑制土壤呼吸19%-24%, 当降水改变量标准化到所有处理的平均值(当年当地降水量的41%)时, 增加降水促进的土壤呼吸量(49%)显著大于减少降雨抑制的土壤呼吸量(21%)。土壤湿度是降水变化下驱动土壤呼吸改变的主要因子, 其一方面直接影响土壤呼吸, 另一方面通过影响土壤微生物碳库、地上/地下净初级生产力来影响土壤呼吸, 总解释度高达98%。同时土壤呼吸对降水变化的响应程度随着环境温度和降水量发生变化。土壤呼吸对降水增加的敏感性随环境温度的升高没有显著变化, 但对降水减少的敏感性随着环境温度的升高逐渐增强。随着环境降水量的逐渐增加, 土壤呼吸对降水增加和减少的敏感性均呈现下降趋势。说明在未来全球降水格局的改变下, 土壤呼吸对降水变化的响应有很大的区域差异, 受当地气候条件的影响。

关键词: 土壤呼吸, 碳循环, 整合分析, 降水变化

Abstract: Aims Our objective was to determine the effects of changes in global pattern of precipitation on soil respiration and the controlling factors. Methods Data were collected from literature on precipitation manipulation experiments globally and a meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize the responses of soil respiration to changes in precipitation regimes. Important findings We found that an increased precipitation stimulated soil respiration while a decreased precipitation suppressed it. When changes in rainfall were normalized to the average treatment level (41% of the current annual precipitation), the level of increases in soil respiration with increased precipitation (49%) were higher than that of decreases with decreased precipitation (21%), showing an asymmetric responses of soil respiration to increases and decreases in precipitation. Soil moisture occurred as the most predominant factor driving the changes in soil respiration under altered precipitation. Changes in soil moisture affected soil respiration directly and indiscreetly by changing aboveground/belowground net primary productivity and microbial biomass carbon, which collectively contributed 98% of variations in soil respiration. In addition, the responses of soil respiration to altered precipitation varied with background temperature and precipitation. The sensitivity of soil respiration increased with local mean annual temperature when precipitation was reduced, while remaining unchanged when precipitation was increased. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of soil respiration to either increases or decreases in precipitation decreased with increasing local mean annual precipitation. Under future altered precipitation regimes, the sensitivity of soil respiration to changes in precipitation is likely dependent of local environment conditions.

Key words: soil respiration, carbon cycle, meta-analysis, precipitation change

杨青霄, 田大栓, 曾辉, 牛书丽. 降水格局改变背景下土壤呼吸变化的主要影响因素及其调控过程. 植物生态学报, 2017, 41(12): 1239-1250. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0208

YANG Qing-Xiao, TIAN Da-Shuan, ZENG Hui, NIU Shu-Li. Main factors driving changes in soil respiration under altering precipitation regimes and the controlling processes. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2017, 41(12): 1239-1250. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0208

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2017.0208

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2017/V41/I12/1239

图/表 5

图1 降水变化下土壤湿度(A)和土壤呼吸(B)响应值随降水改变量梯度的变化。黑色点表示增加降水处理, 白色点表示减少降水处理。p < 0.01表示统计结果极显著, p < 0.05表示统计结果显著。

Fig. 1 Regressional relationships of soil moisture (A) and soil respiration (B) with percentage changes of precipitation. The filled circles represent increased precipitation, and the open circles represent decreased precipitation. p < 0.01, statistically highly significant; p < 0.05, statistically significant.

图2 土壤呼吸对增雨和减雨的总响应及不同生态系统类型对增雨和减雨的响应差异(效应值±95%置信区间)。白色的条形柱表示减少降水处理引起的土壤呼吸降低幅度, 黑色代表增加降水处理引起的土壤呼吸增加幅度。数字表示用于整合分析的样本量。*表示响应的统计结果显著。

Fig. 2 Changes of normalized soil respiration in overall and different ecosystems under increased or decreased precipitation (effect size ± 95% confidence interval). The white bars represent the negative effects of decreased precipitation while the black bars represent the positive effects of increased precipitation. The values beside the bars indicate sample sizes used in meta-analysis.* means statistically significant.

图3 降水变化下土壤湿度(A)地上净初级生产力(B)、地下净初级生产力(C)和土壤微生物碳含量(D)变化对土壤呼吸的影响。黑色点代表增加降水处理, 白色点代表减少降水处理。p < 0.01表示统计结果极显著, p < 0.05表示统计结果显著。

Fig. 3 Regressional relationships of soil respiration with soil moisture (A), aboveground net primary productivity (B), belowground net primary productivity (C), and microbial biomass carbon (D). The filled circles represent increased precipitation, and the open circles represent decreased precipitation. p < 0.01, statistically highly significant; p < 0.05, statistically significant.

图4 降水变化下土壤湿度、地上净初级生产力、地下净初级生产力和土壤微生物碳含量变化影响土壤呼吸变化机制的结构方程模型。灰色和黑色的箭头分别代表显著的正效应和负效应。箭头旁边的数字代表回归系数。箭头的粗细代表回归关系的强度。R2表示有关变量的共同解释度。***, < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; *, p < 0.05。χ2 = 0.49, p = 0.48, 比较拟合指数(CFI) = 1.00, 近似误差均方根(RMSEA) = 0.00, 赤池信息准则(AIC) = 38.49。

Fig. 4 A structural equation model of the effects of soil moisture, aboveground net primary productivity, belowground net primary productivity, and microbial biomass carbon on soil respiration. Gray and black arrows represent significant positive and negative pathways, respectively. Values beside the arrows indicate the standard path coefficients. Arrow width is proportional to the strength of the relationship. R2 values represent the proportion of variance explainable by each variable in the model. ***, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; *, p < 0.05. χ2 = 0.49, p = 0.48, comparative fit index (CFI) = 1.00, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.00, Akaike information criteria (AIC) = 38.49.

图5 增加降水和减少降水下土壤呼吸变化与土壤湿度变化的关系(A, D)及在不同本底年平均气温(℃; B, E)和年降水量(mm; C, F)下土壤呼吸随土壤湿度变化的敏感性差异。黑色实线、虚线、灰色实线分别表示3个降水或温度梯度下的土壤呼吸变化和土壤湿度变化的回归关系。S1、S2、S3分别是3条回归线的斜率。A, B, C, 增加降水处理。D, E, F, 减少降水处理。p < 0.01表示统计结果极显著, p < 0.05表示统计结果显著。RR, 响应值。

Fig. 5 Regressional relationships between response ratio of soil respiration and response ratio of soil moisture under increased or decreased precipitation (A, D). Different sensitivities of changes in soil respiration to soil moisture under increased or decreased precipitation in different conditional mean annual temperature (℃; B, E) and mean annual precipitation (mm; C, F). Black line, dash line and gray line represent the regression relationships between response ratio of soil respiration and response ratio of soil moisture under three precipitation or three temperature gradients, respectively. S1, S2, and S3 represent slopes of the three regression lines, respectively. A, B, and C, Increased precipitation treatment. D, E, and F, Decreased precipitation treatments. p < 0.01, statistically highly significant; p < 0.05, statistically significant. RR, response ratio.

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