杉木人工林养分循环随林龄变化的特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2017.0209

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为弄清杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林不同林龄的养分循环特征, 为人工林丰产的经营管理提供科学依据, 利用湖南会同杉木林25年的定位连续测定数据, 根据杉木生长规律和养分吸收动态对杉木林不同林龄的养分循环进行了研究。结果表明: 对于同一林龄的杉木, 器官养分浓度大小依次为叶>枝>皮>根>干。林龄小于12年的, 杉木养分浓度随林龄增加而增高; 林龄大于12年的, 杉木养分浓度随林龄增加而降低。养分年均吸收量随林龄增长的变化曲线为双波峰。养分归还量随着林龄的增加逐渐增加。同一林龄, 各营养元素的利用效率都是磷(P) >钾(K) >氮(N) >镁(Mg) >钙(Ca)。林分郁闭后, 各营养元素的利用效率随着林木生长而增大。同一林龄, Ca、Mg的循环强度大于N、P, 各营养元素循环强度随林龄增长的变化曲线都为抛物线。同一林龄, N、P、K被杉木利用的时间比Ca、Mg长, 各元素被杉木利用的时间随着杉木生长的进行而缩短。研究显示: 不同林龄的养分吸收量除受生产量控制外, 还受这个林龄和前一个林龄杉木体内养分浓度的差异制约; 杉木体内养分再分配及贮备机制、杉木生长规律和不同生育阶段对养分的利用效率等共同调节控制着养分循环过程。

关键词: 杉木, 人工林, 不同林龄, 养分循环, 湖南, 会同

Abstract:

Aims The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of nutrient cycling in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations) with different ages, and to provide scientific basis for the management of high-yield plantations in China.

Methods In this study, we used the ecological data of the past 25 years in Hunan Huitong Ecological Station and analyzed the nutrient cycling characteristics of the C.lanceolata plantation forests with different ages according to the law of tree growth and the dynamics of nutrient uptake.

Important findings For most nutrients, their concentrations ranked in order as leaf > twig > bark > root > stem for all C. lanceolata trees with any ages. When the tree age was less than 12 years, nutrient concentrations increased with age, while they decreased with age when the tree was more than 12 years old. The changes in average annual nutrient uptake with age showed two peaks. Nutrient return gradually increases with age. For the same age, the nutrient use efficiency followed the order of phosphorus (P) > potassium (K) > nitrogen (N) > magnesium (Mg) > calcium (Ca). After the stand was closed, the nutrient utilization efficiency increases with the growth and development of trees. The cycling intensity of Ca and Mg was greater than that of N and P at the same stand age. The changes in nutrient cycling intensity with age varying curve with stand age acted as parabolic curve. Utilization of N, P and K was longer than displayed a parabolic shape for all elements. The utilization time of each element got shorter with increasing stand age. These results suggested that the nutrient uptake in different growthstages was not only controlled by the quantity of biomass, but also affected by the difference in nutrient concentration between previous and current stages. The nutrient cycling processes were jointly controlled by the mechanisms of nutrient redistribution and storage in Cunninghamia lanceolata,during the growth and development stages, and the nutrient use efficiency during different growth stages.

Key words: Cunninghamia lanceolata, plantation, different stand ages, nutrient cycle, Hunan, Huitong

陈日升, 康文星, 周玉泉, 田大伦, 项文化. 杉木人工林养分循环随林龄变化的特征. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(2): 173-184. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0209

CHEN Ri-Sheng, KANG Wen-Xing, ZHOU Yu-Quan, TIAN Da-Lun, XIANG Wen-Hua . Changes in nutrient cycling with age in a Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation forest. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2018, 42(2): 173-184. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0209

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2017.0209

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2018/V42/I2/173

图/表 5

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林龄 Stand age	元素 Element	干 Stem wood	皮 Stem bark	枝 Twig	叶 Needle	根 Root	合计 Total
7年生 7-year-old	氮 N	1.69 ± 0.089^aA#	3.89 ± 0.169^bA%	5.12 ± 0.325^cA*	10.86 ± 0.567^{dA^}	2.93 ± 0.162^eA@	24.49^A*
	磷 P	0.10 ± 0.006^aB*	0.55 ± 0.018^bB*	0.76 ± 0.039^cB&	0.89 ± 0.037^dB*	0.26 ± 0.015^eB*	2.56^B@
	钾 K	0.64 ± 0.033^aC@	4.21 ± 0.204^bC%	4.92 ± 0.095^cC@	5.63 ± 0.419^dC&	2.27 ± 0.145^eC%	17.67^C!
	钙 Ca	0.51 ± 0.026^aD&	3.84 ± 0.227^bD!	5.54 ± 0.378^cD$	9.97 ± 0.494^dD@	2.12 ± 0.128^eD*	21.98^D*
	镁 Mg	0.15 ± 0.007^aE$	0.68 ± 0.052^bE*	2.15 ± 0.162^cE@	2.45 ± 0.164^dE*	0.63 ± 0.033^eE&	6.43^E%
11年生 11-year-old	氮 N	1.75 ± 0.073^aA&	4.39 ± 0.212^bA&	5.88 ± 0.342^{cA^}	11.42 ± 0.513^dA*	3.19 ± 0.176^eA!	26.63^A&
	磷 P	0.13 ± 0.006^aB*	0.63 ± 0.033^bB%	0.80 ± 0.051^cB*	0.93 ± 0.052^dB&	0.28 ± 0.021^eB*	2.73^B#
	钾 K	0.69 ± 0.032^aC$	4.54 ± 0.224^bC&	5.12 ± 0.329^cC*	5.87 ± 0.425^dC*	2.35 ± 0.123^{eC^}	18.57^C@
	钙 Ca	0.57 ± 0.029^aD!	4.14 ± 0.239^bD#	5.96 ± 0.347^cD*	10.90 ± 0.573^dD!	2.16 ± 0.139^eD%	23.13^D&
	镁 Mg	0.17 ± 0.005^aE*	0.74 ± 0.068^bE&	2.44 ± 0.173^cE!	2.68 ± 0.189^dE&	0.69 ± 0.038^eE*	6.72^{E^}
16年生 16-year-old	氮 N	1.72 ± 0.074^aA#	4.28 ± 0.224^bA*	5.72 ± 0.397^cA%	11.02 ± 0.521^dA%	3.12 ± 0.159^eA@	25.86^{A^}
	磷 P	0.12 ± 0.005^aB*	0.61 ± 0.036^bB%	0.77 ± 0.046^cB&	0.90 ± 0.044^dB&	0.27 ± 0.017^eB*	2.67^B@
	钾 K	0.64 ± 0.037^aC@	4.32 ± 0.245^bC#	5.07 ± 0.318^cC@	5.75 ± 0.433^dC$	2.18 ± 0.131^eC@	17.96^C#
	钙 Ca	0.52 ± 0.026^aD&	4.05 ± 0.239^bD$	5.36 ± 0.335^cD@	10.17 ± 0.492^dD$	2.05 ± 0.122^eD!	22.15^{D^}
	镁 Mg	0.14 ± 0.004^aE$	0.70 ± 0.059^bE&	2.37 ± 0.125^cE$	2.64 ± 0.137^dE$	0.62 ± 0.031^eE&	6.47^E$
20年生 20-year-old	氮 N	1.70 ± 0.071^aA#	4.20 ± 0.219^bA#	5.63 ± 0.367^cA@	10.87 ± 0.486^dA@	3.01 ± 0.143^eA*	25.41^A%
	磷 P	0.10 ± 0.005^aB*	0.60 ± 0.033^bB%	0.75 ± 0.039^cB&	0.88 ± 0.049^dB*	0.25 ± 0.019^eB*	2.58^B@
	钾 K	0.61 ± 0.033^aC@	4.25 ± 0.237^bC!	4.94 ± 0.294^cC!	5.68 ± 0.429^dC$	2.13 ± 0.118^eC@	17.72^C%
	钙 Ca	0.48 ± 0.023^{aD^}	3.97 ± 0.246^bD&	5.23 ± 0.326^cD#	10.06 ± 0.473^dD$	1.98 ± 0.124^eD$	21.84^D%
	镁 Mg	0.11 ± 0.005^aE$	0.71 ± 0.053^bE&	2.31 ± 0.176^cE&	2.59 ± 0.147^dE#	0.59 ± 0.028^eE&	6.27^E*
25年生 25-year-old	氮 N	1.68 ± 0.076^aA#	4.14 ± 0.234^bA!	5.57 ± 0.351^cA!	10.78 ± 0.445^dA#	2.90 ± 0.152^eA*	25.07^A$
	磷 P	0.09 ± 0.004^aB*	0.57 ± 0.031^bB%	0.72 ± 0.034^cB&	0.87 ± 0.043^dB*	0.24 ± 0.018^eB*	2.49^B@
	钾 K	0.58 ± 0.034^aC@	4.18 ± 0.248^bC!	4.88 ± 0.305^cC!	5.60 ± 0.396^dC$	2.04 ± 0.115^eC@	17.28^C*
	钙 Ca	0.45 ± 0.026^aD$	3.92 ± 0.233^bD&	5.12 ± 0.315^cD!	9.98 ± 0.415^dD$	1.92 ± 0.126^eD$	21.39^D@
	镁 Mg	0.10 ± 0.005^aE$	0.65 ± 0.055^bE&	2.26 ± 0.156^cE*	2.55 ± 0.175^dE#	0.55 ± 0.024^eE&	6.11^E#

林龄 Stand age	元素 Element	干 Stem wood	皮 Stem bark	枝 Twig	叶 Needle	根 Root	合计 Total
7年生 7-year-old	氮 N	1.69 ± 0.089^aA#	3.89 ± 0.169^bA%	5.12 ± 0.325^cA*	10.86 ± 0.567^{dA^}	2.93 ± 0.162^eA@	24.49^A*
	磷 P	0.10 ± 0.006^aB*	0.55 ± 0.018^bB*	0.76 ± 0.039^cB&	0.89 ± 0.037^dB*	0.26 ± 0.015^eB*	2.56^B@
	钾 K	0.64 ± 0.033^aC@	4.21 ± 0.204^bC%	4.92 ± 0.095^cC@	5.63 ± 0.419^dC&	2.27 ± 0.145^eC%	17.67^C!
	钙 Ca	0.51 ± 0.026^aD&	3.84 ± 0.227^bD!	5.54 ± 0.378^cD$	9.97 ± 0.494^dD@	2.12 ± 0.128^eD*	21.98^D*
	镁 Mg	0.15 ± 0.007^aE$	0.68 ± 0.052^bE*	2.15 ± 0.162^cE@	2.45 ± 0.164^dE*	0.63 ± 0.033^eE&	6.43^E%
11年生 11-year-old	氮 N	1.75 ± 0.073^aA&	4.39 ± 0.212^bA&	5.88 ± 0.342^{cA^}	11.42 ± 0.513^dA*	3.19 ± 0.176^eA!	26.63^A&
	磷 P	0.13 ± 0.006^aB*	0.63 ± 0.033^bB%	0.80 ± 0.051^cB*	0.93 ± 0.052^dB&	0.28 ± 0.021^eB*	2.73^B#
	钾 K	0.69 ± 0.032^aC$	4.54 ± 0.224^bC&	5.12 ± 0.329^cC*	5.87 ± 0.425^dC*	2.35 ± 0.123^{eC^}	18.57^C@
	钙 Ca	0.57 ± 0.029^aD!	4.14 ± 0.239^bD#	5.96 ± 0.347^cD*	10.90 ± 0.573^dD!	2.16 ± 0.139^eD%	23.13^D&
	镁 Mg	0.17 ± 0.005^aE*	0.74 ± 0.068^bE&	2.44 ± 0.173^cE!	2.68 ± 0.189^dE&	0.69 ± 0.038^eE*	6.72^{E^}
16年生 16-year-old	氮 N	1.72 ± 0.074^aA#	4.28 ± 0.224^bA*	5.72 ± 0.397^cA%	11.02 ± 0.521^dA%	3.12 ± 0.159^eA@	25.86^{A^}
	磷 P	0.12 ± 0.005^aB*	0.61 ± 0.036^bB%	0.77 ± 0.046^cB&	0.90 ± 0.044^dB&	0.27 ± 0.017^eB*	2.67^B@
	钾 K	0.64 ± 0.037^aC@	4.32 ± 0.245^bC#	5.07 ± 0.318^cC@	5.75 ± 0.433^dC$	2.18 ± 0.131^eC@	17.96^C#
	钙 Ca	0.52 ± 0.026^aD&	4.05 ± 0.239^bD$	5.36 ± 0.335^cD@	10.17 ± 0.492^dD$	2.05 ± 0.122^eD!	22.15^{D^}
	镁 Mg	0.14 ± 0.004^aE$	0.70 ± 0.059^bE&	2.37 ± 0.125^cE$	2.64 ± 0.137^dE$	0.62 ± 0.031^eE&	6.47^E$
20年生 20-year-old	氮 N	1.70 ± 0.071^aA#	4.20 ± 0.219^bA#	5.63 ± 0.367^cA@	10.87 ± 0.486^dA@	3.01 ± 0.143^eA*	25.41^A%
	磷 P	0.10 ± 0.005^aB*	0.60 ± 0.033^bB%	0.75 ± 0.039^cB&	0.88 ± 0.049^dB*	0.25 ± 0.019^eB*	2.58^B@
	钾 K	0.61 ± 0.033^aC@	4.25 ± 0.237^bC!	4.94 ± 0.294^cC!	5.68 ± 0.429^dC$	2.13 ± 0.118^eC@	17.72^C%
	钙 Ca	0.48 ± 0.023^{aD^}	3.97 ± 0.246^bD&	5.23 ± 0.326^cD#	10.06 ± 0.473^dD$	1.98 ± 0.124^eD$	21.84^D%
	镁 Mg	0.11 ± 0.005^aE$	0.71 ± 0.053^bE&	2.31 ± 0.176^cE&	2.59 ± 0.147^dE#	0.59 ± 0.028^eE&	6.27^E*
25年生 25-year-old	氮 N	1.68 ± 0.076^aA#	4.14 ± 0.234^bA!	5.57 ± 0.351^cA!	10.78 ± 0.445^dA#	2.90 ± 0.152^eA*	25.07^A$
	磷 P	0.09 ± 0.004^aB*	0.57 ± 0.031^bB%	0.72 ± 0.034^cB&	0.87 ± 0.043^dB*	0.24 ± 0.018^eB*	2.49^B@
	钾 K	0.58 ± 0.034^aC@	4.18 ± 0.248^bC!	4.88 ± 0.305^cC!	5.60 ± 0.396^dC$	2.04 ± 0.115^eC@	17.28^C*
	钙 Ca	0.45 ± 0.026^aD$	3.92 ± 0.233^bD&	5.12 ± 0.315^cD!	9.98 ± 0.415^dD$	1.92 ± 0.126^eD$	21.39^D@
	镁 Mg	0.10 ± 0.005^aE$	0.65 ± 0.055^bE&	2.26 ± 0.156^cE*	2.55 ± 0.175^dE#	0.55 ± 0.024^eE&	6.11^E#

林龄 Stand age	生物量 Biomass (t·hm^-²)	项目 Item	养分元素 Nutrient element					合计 Total
林龄 Stand age	生物量 Biomass (t·hm^-²)	项目 Item	氮 Nitrogen	磷 Phosphorus	钾 Potassium	钙 Calcium	镁 Magnesium	合计 Total
1-7年 1 to 7 years	43.17	应吸收 Required absorption (kg·hm^-²)	204.38	18.68	124.92	170.65	45.82	564.45
		以前生长生物质转移或新吸收的养分 NTAPB (kg·hm^-²)	0	0	0	0	0	0
		实际吸收 Actual absorption (kg·hm^-²)	204.38	18.68	124.92	170.65	45.82	564.45
		平均每年实际吸收 Average annual actual absorption (kg·hm^-²·a^-¹)	29.20	2.67	17.85	24.38	6.54	80.64
8-11年 8 to 11 years	42.51	应吸收 Required absorption (kg·hm^-²)	229.02	22.35	145.73	200.89	57.86	655.85
		以前生长生物质转移或新吸收的养分 NTAPB (kg·hm^-²)	+12.44	+1.46	+5.43	+7.86	+4.12	+31.31
		实际吸收 Actual absorption (kg·hm^-²)	241.56	23.81	151.16	208.75	61.98	687.26
		平均每年实际吸收 Average annual actual absorption (kg·hm^-²·a^-¹)	60.39	5.95	37.79	52.19	15.50	171.82
12-16年 12 to 16 years	64.12	应吸收 Required absorption (kg·hm^-²)	286.43	29.79	197.72	264.85	77.47	856.26
		以前生长生物质转移或新吸收的养分 NTAPB (kg·hm^-²)	-7.03	-2.14	-6.37	-9.49	-4.11	-29.14
		实际吸收 Actual absorption (kg·hm^-²)	279.40	27.65	191.35	255.36	73.36	827.12
		平均每年实际吸收 Average annual actual absorption (kg·hm^-²·a^-¹)	55.88	5.53	38.27	51.07	14.67	165.42
17-20年 17 to 20 years	66.03	应吸收 Required absorption (kg·hm^-²)	293.18	26.83	178.72	232.99	65.31	797.03
		以前生长生物质转移或新吸收的养分 NTAPB (kg·hm^-²)	-6.62	-2.12	-5.62	-9.02	-3.61	-26.99
		实际吸收 Actual absorption (kg·hm^-²)	286.56	24.71	173.10	223.97	61.70	770.04
		平均每年实际吸收 Average annual actual absorption (kg·hm^-²·a^-¹)	71.64	6.18	43.28	55.99	15.42	192.51
21-25年 21 to 25 years	73.76	应吸收 Required absorption (kg·hm^-²)	352.41	32.05	217.53	288.29	79.92	970.20
		以前生长生物质转移或新吸收的养分 NTAPB (kg·hm^-²)	-6.47	-2.02	-5.31	-8.83	-3.26	-25.89
		实际吸收 Actual absorption(kg·hm^-²)	345.94	30.03	212.22	279.46	76.66	944.31
		平均每年实际吸收 Average annual actual absorption(kg·hm^-²·a^-¹)	69.19	6.01	42.44	55.89	15.33	188.86

林龄 Stand age	生物量 Biomass (t·hm^-²)	项目 Item	养分元素 Nutrient element					合计 Total
林龄 Stand age	生物量 Biomass (t·hm^-²)	项目 Item	氮 Nitrogen	磷 Phosphorus	钾 Potassium	钙 Calcium	镁 Magnesium	合计 Total
1-7年 1 to 7 years	43.17	应吸收 Required absorption (kg·hm^-²)	204.38	18.68	124.92	170.65	45.82	564.45
		以前生长生物质转移或新吸收的养分 NTAPB (kg·hm^-²)	0	0	0	0	0	0
		实际吸收 Actual absorption (kg·hm^-²)	204.38	18.68	124.92	170.65	45.82	564.45
		平均每年实际吸收 Average annual actual absorption (kg·hm^-²·a^-¹)	29.20	2.67	17.85	24.38	6.54	80.64
8-11年 8 to 11 years	42.51	应吸收 Required absorption (kg·hm^-²)	229.02	22.35	145.73	200.89	57.86	655.85
		以前生长生物质转移或新吸收的养分 NTAPB (kg·hm^-²)	+12.44	+1.46	+5.43	+7.86	+4.12	+31.31
		实际吸收 Actual absorption (kg·hm^-²)	241.56	23.81	151.16	208.75	61.98	687.26
		平均每年实际吸收 Average annual actual absorption (kg·hm^-²·a^-¹)	60.39	5.95	37.79	52.19	15.50	171.82
12-16年 12 to 16 years	64.12	应吸收 Required absorption (kg·hm^-²)	286.43	29.79	197.72	264.85	77.47	856.26
		以前生长生物质转移或新吸收的养分 NTAPB (kg·hm^-²)	-7.03	-2.14	-6.37	-9.49	-4.11	-29.14
		实际吸收 Actual absorption (kg·hm^-²)	279.40	27.65	191.35	255.36	73.36	827.12
		平均每年实际吸收 Average annual actual absorption (kg·hm^-²·a^-¹)	55.88	5.53	38.27	51.07	14.67	165.42
17-20年 17 to 20 years	66.03	应吸收 Required absorption (kg·hm^-²)	293.18	26.83	178.72	232.99	65.31	797.03
		以前生长生物质转移或新吸收的养分 NTAPB (kg·hm^-²)	-6.62	-2.12	-5.62	-9.02	-3.61	-26.99
		实际吸收 Actual absorption (kg·hm^-²)	286.56	24.71	173.10	223.97	61.70	770.04
		平均每年实际吸收 Average annual actual absorption (kg·hm^-²·a^-¹)	71.64	6.18	43.28	55.99	15.42	192.51
21-25年 21 to 25 years	73.76	应吸收 Required absorption (kg·hm^-²)	352.41	32.05	217.53	288.29	79.92	970.20
		以前生长生物质转移或新吸收的养分 NTAPB (kg·hm^-²)	-6.47	-2.02	-5.31	-8.83	-3.26	-25.89
		实际吸收 Actual absorption(kg·hm^-²)	345.94	30.03	212.22	279.46	76.66	944.31
		平均每年实际吸收 Average annual actual absorption(kg·hm^-²·a^-¹)	69.19	6.01	42.44	55.89	15.33	188.86

林龄 Stand age	现存生物量 Existing biomass (t·hm^-²)	养分元素 Nutrient element (kg·hm^-²)					合计 Total (kg·hm^-²)
林龄 Stand age	现存生物量 Existing biomass (t·hm^-²)	氮 Nitrogen	磷 Phosphorus	钾 Potassium	钙 Calcium	镁 Magnesium	合计 Total (kg·hm^-²)
1-7年 1 to 7 years	40.06	170.27 (36.18)	15.71 (3.34)	106.86 (22.71)	139.54 (29.65)	38.20 (8.12)	470.58 (100)
8-11年 8 to 11 years	75.65	336.92 (35.42)	33.41 (3.51)	218.89 (23.01)	280.29 (29.46)	81.80 (8.60)	951.31 (100)
12-16年 12 to 16 years	114.67	480.69 (36.28)	47.48 (3.55)	313.36 (23.44)	376.64 (28.29)	113.85 (8.44)	1??????? 332.02 (100)
17-20年 17 to 20 years	161.09	589.29 (37.14)	54.76 (3.45)	377.92 (23.88)	437.63 (27.59)	125.93 (7.94)	1 586.53 (100)
21-25年 21 to 25 years	209.84	696.59 (37.88)	63.43 (3.45)	444.17 (24.16)	498.51 (27.11)	136.13 (7.40)	1 838.83 (100)