植物叶片形态的生态功能、地理分布与成因

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2020.0405

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

叶片是植物与环境进行水气交换的重要场所, 形态多变。叶片形态可直接影响植物的生理生化过程, 反映植物的资源获取策略。该文以叶片大小、叶形、叶缘特征(有无叶齿)和叶型(单、复叶)等形态性状为例, 总结了当前叶片形态的研究进展, 分析了叶形态性状的生态功能, 综述叶片形态的地理分布, 探讨叶片形态性状变化的驱动因素及其对生态系统功能的影响。现有研究主要聚焦于局域尺度的特定类群, 关注叶大小、叶缘具齿性以及叶型的地理分布与生态成因, 发现叶片的形态发育受基因调控, 叶形态性状与其他性状相互权衡, 其空间变异受气温和降水量共同驱动。以叶大小为代表的叶片形态性状影响水分和养分循环, 能够反映气候变化下的群落响应, 也可用于预测生态系统初级生产力。今后应结合新方法获得覆盖度高且区域无偏的数据, 探索叶形态在长时间尺度上的适应性进化, 研究叶形态特征及其对生态系统功能影响的尺度推绎。该文有助于从叶片的角度认识植物对环境变化的响应, 以性状为桥梁将个体适合度、群落动态与生态系统功能联系起来, 能够加深对植物群落生态学和功能生物地理学等相关领域研究进展的了解。

关键词: 植物性状, 叶大小, 叶形, 叶型, 功能, 环境

Abstract:

Leaf is one of the important organs of plants that facilitates the exchange of water and air with the surrounding environment. The morphological variation of leaves directly affect the physiological and biochemical processes of plants, which also reflects the adaptive strategies of plants to obtain resources. By focusing on several leaf morphological traits, including leaf size, leaf shape, leaf margin (with or without teeth) and leaf type (i.e. single vs. compound leaf), here, we reviewed the relevant research progresses in this field. We summarized the ecological functions of leaf morphological traits, identified their geographical distribution patterns, and explored the underlying environmental drivers, potential ecological interactions, and their effects on ecosystem functioning. We found that the current studies exploring the distribution and determinants of leaf size and leaf margin states mainly focused on single or specific taxon in local regions. Studies have also explored the genetic mechanisms of leaf morphology development. Leaf traits trade off with other functional traits, and their spatial variation is driven by both temperature and water availability. Leaf morphological traits, especially leaf size, influence water and nutrient cycling, reflect the response of communities to climate change, and can be scaled up to predict ecosystem primary productivity. Further studies should pay attention to combine new approaches to obtain unbiased data with high coverage, to explore the long-term adaptive evolution of leaf morphology, and to generalize the scaling in leaf morphology and its effect on ecosystem functioning. Leaf provides an important perspective to understand how plants respond and adapt to environmental changes. Studying leaf morphological traits provides insight into species fitness, community dynamics and ecosystem functioning, and also improves our understanding of the research progresses made in related fields, including plant community ecology and functional biogeography.

Key words: plant traits, leaf size, leaf shape, leaf type, function, environment

李耀琪, 王志恒. 植物叶片形态的生态功能、地理分布与成因. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(10): 1154-1172. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0405

LI Yao-Qi, WANG Zhi-Heng. Leaf morphological traits: ecological function, geographic distribution and drivers. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2021, 45(10): 1154-1172. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0405

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2020.0405

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2021/V45/I10/1154

图/表 3

图1 不同形态叶片的手绘图。 A, 铃兰, 单叶, 全缘, 叶椭圆形或卵状披针形。B, 水青冈, 单叶, 叶缘有锯齿, 叶卵形或长卵形。C, 荠, 基生叶丛生呈莲座状, 大头羽状分裂, 顶裂片卵形至长圆形, 侧裂片长圆形至卵形; 茎生叶抱茎, 窄披针形或披针形, 边缘有缺刻或锯齿。D, 元宝枫, 单叶, 掌状5裂。E, 蒺藜, 偶数羽状复叶, 小叶矩圆形或斜短圆形。F, 水杉, 叶条形, 呈羽状排列。A-C, F, 蔡琼绘; D, 买一慧绘; E, 罗晓图绘。描述参考中国植物志中英文版(http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2)。

Fig. 1 Leaves with varied morphology. A, Convallaria majalis, single leaf with entire margin, leaf blade elliptic to ovate-lanceolate. B, Fagus longipetiolata, single leaf with serrate margin, blade ovate to ovate-oblong. C, Capsella bursa-pastoris, basal leaves rosulate, leaf blade oblong or oblanceolate; cauline leaves amplexicaul, narrowly oblong, lanceolate, or linear, margin entire or dentate. D, Acer truncatum, single leaf, usually 5-lobed. E, Tribulus terrestris, even-pinnately compound leaf, leaflet blades oblong to obliquely oblong, margin entire. F, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, linear leaves, pinnately aligned. Hand painted by CAI Qiong (A-C, F), MAI Yi-Hui (D), and LUO Xiao-Tu (E). Leaf morphology description was obtained from eflora (http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2).

图2 中国和新世界(南、北美洲)木本植物平均叶长的地理格局。改编自Li等(2020a)附录图S1.1a和S6.1a。NA, 空值。

Fig. 2 Geographic patterns of leaf length for woody plants in China and in New World (i.e. North and South America). Modified from the appendices S1.1a & S6.1a in Li et al. (2020a). NA, not available.

图3 东亚阔叶林中全缘叶物种比例随年平均气温升高而增大。从左到右, 全缘叶物种降低, 具齿叶物种增多。白色实线为回归拟合线, 决定系数高达0.98。改编自Wolfe等(1979), 图2-3。

Fig. 3 Percentage of species with entire-margined leaves increased with mean annual temperature in broad-leaved forests of east Asia. From left to right, the percentage of species with entire leaves increased while those with teethed leaves decreased. Fitted regression line was showed in white with R2 = 0.98. Modified from Fig. 2 & 3 in Wolfe et al. (1979).

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