中国云杉林的地理分布与气候因子间的关系

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00372

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了揭示中国云杉林的地理分布与气候因子间的关系, 在中国云杉林15个群系的地理分布范围内选取613个地理坐标点, 其中包括云杉各个种分布的海拔上限和下限坐标点各235和228个。通过数字地球系统确定每个点的海拔高程, 从中国气象插值数据库获取每个点的气候数据。数据分析分别采用线性回归、变异系数比较和主成分分析(PCA)法。结果显示, 中国云杉林分布范围内, 年平均气温、最冷月平均气温、最热月平均气温、≥5 ℃积温、≥0 ℃积温、年降水量、土壤水分含量和干燥指数α的平均值分别是3.38 ℃、-9.75 ℃、14.78 ℃、1 227.83 ℃·d、2 271.19 ℃·d、712.23 mm、80.02%和0.50; 各气候因子与中国云杉林垂直分布的上下限间均具有显著的回归关系; 除了年平均气温和最冷月平均气温变异系数较大外, 其他6个气候因子的变异系数均较小, 且彼此间无显著差异; 无论是云杉分布的上限还是下限, ≥5 ℃积温和≥0 ℃积温在PCA第一主分量具有较高的载荷, 而年降水量和土壤水分含量在第二、三主分量具有较高的载荷。影响中国云杉林分布的主要气候因子是生长季节积温, 其次是年降水量和土壤水分含量。

关键词: 气候因子, 变异系数, 主成分分析, 中国云杉, 上下限, 垂直分布

Abstract:

Aims Our objective was to examine the relationship between climatic factors and geographical distribution of spruce forests in China.
Methods We sampled 613 points within the geographical range of Chinese spruce forests, of which 235 points were at the upper altitudinal limit and 228 at the lower altitudinal limit. The elevation for each point was determined using Google Earth while climatic data were from the Chinese meteorological interpolation database. Linear regression, comparison of coefficient of variation (CV) and principal component analysis (PCA) were conducted for data analysis.
Important findings Within the distribution range of Chinese spruce forests, mean values of mean annual air temperature (MAT), mean air temperature of the coldest month (MTCM), mean air temperature of the warmest month (MTWM), growing degree days on a 5 ℃ basis (GDD₅) and on a 0 ℃ basis (GDD₀), mean annual precipitation (MAP), soil moisture (SM) and aridity index (α) are 3.38 ℃, -9.75 ℃, 14.78 ℃, 1 227.83 ℃·d, 2 271.19 ℃·d, 712.23 mm, 80.02% and 0.50, respectively. Both the upper and lower limits of altitude were significantly correlated with each of the climatic factors. In terms of CV, MAT and MTCM are significantly higher than the other six climatic factors; however, no significant differences were detected among those six. In addition, GDD₅and GDD₀have higher loading on the first principal component, yet MAP and SM have higher loading on the second and third principal component. Major conclusions are that GDD₀and GDD₅ are likely the key factors that influence the distribution of Chinese spruce forest, followed by MAP and SM.

Key words: climatic factors, coefficient of variation, principal component analysis, spruce forest in China, upper and lower altitudinal limits, vertical distribution

李贺, 张维康, 王国宏. 中国云杉林的地理分布与气候因子间的关系. 植物生态学报, 2012, 36(5): 372-381. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00372

LI He, ZHANG Wei-Kang, WANG Guo-Hong. Relationship between climatic factors and geographical distribution of spruce forests in China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2012, 36(5): 372-381. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00372

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2012/V36/I5/372

图/表 5

图1 中国云杉林数据点分布图。

Fig. 1 Location of Chinese spruce forest distribution data.

表1 中国云杉林地理分布区海拔及其对应的气候因子描述性统计结果(n = 613)

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of altitude and corresponding climatic factors in the geographical distribution area of Chinese spruce forests (n = 613)

海拔及其对应的气候因子 Altitude and corresponding climatic factors	平均值 Mean	标准误差 Standard error	95%置信区间 95% confidence intervals		最小值 Minimum	最大值 Maximum
海拔及其对应的气候因子 Altitude and corresponding climatic factors	平均值 Mean	标准误差 Standard error	下限 Lower limit	上限 Upper limit	最小值 Minimum	最大值 Maximum
海拔 Altitude (m)	2 444.09	42.20	2 361.21	2 526.96	300.00	4 347.00
年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature (℃)	3.38	0.19	3.00	3.75	-9.18	20.10
最冷月平均气温 Mean air temperature of the coldest month (℃)	-9.75	0.34	-10.43	-9.07	-30.51	11.52
最热月平均气温 Mean air temperature of the warmest month (℃)	14.78	0.20	14.38	15.17	1.69	27.27
≥5 ℃积温 Growing degree days on a 5 ℃ basis (℃·d)	1 227.83	35.46	1 158.20	1 297.46	0.00	5 527.56
≥0 ℃积温 Growing degree days on a 0 ℃ basis (℃·d)	2 271.19	46.72	2 179.44	2 362.94	69.76	7 352.57
年降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	712.23	14.52	683.71	740.75	103.65	2 050.37
土壤水分含量 Soil moisture (%)	80.02	0.83	78.40	81.64	0.00	97.83
干燥指数 Aridity index	0.50	0.01	0.49	0.52	0.00	0.90

图2 中国云杉林垂直分布海拔上、下限与气候因子间的回归关系。R2Upper代表云杉上限分布点与海拔的决定系数; R2Lower代表云杉下限分布点与海拔的决定系数。**, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; α, 干燥指数; MAP, 年降水量; MAT, 年平均气温; MTCM, 最冷月平均气温; MTWM, 最热月平均气温; SM, 土壤水分含量; GDD5, ≥5 ℃积温; GDD0, ≥0 ℃积温。

Fig. 2 Regression relationships between the lower and upper altitudinal limits of Chinese spruce forests and climatic factors. R2Upper represent determination coefficient of spruce upper distribution point with altitude; R2Lower represent determination coefficient of spruce lower distribution point with altitude. **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; α, aridity index; MAP, mean annual precipitation; MAT, mean annual air temperature; MTCM, mean air temperature of the coldest month; MTWM, mean air temperature of the warmest month; SM, soil moisture; GDD5, growing degree days on a 5 ℃ basis; GDD0, growing degree days on a 0 ℃ basis.

图3 中国云杉林地理分布范围内气候因子间变异系数比较。柱状图中同一个系列(上限或下限)气候因子间不含有相同字母表示二者存在显著差异(p < 0.05); NS表示该气候因子变异系数在海拔上下限间无显著差异(p > 0.05); α, 干燥指数; MAP, 年降水量; MAT, 年平均气温; MTCM, 最冷月平均气温; MTWM, 最热月平均气温; GDD5, ≥5 ℃积温; GDD0, ≥0 ℃积温; SM, 土壤水分含量。

Fig. 3 Comparison of coefficient of variation among climatic factors in the distribution range of Chinese spruce forests. Climatic factors sharing no letters of the same series (upper limit or lower limit) in the histogram indicates that the difference is significant (p < 0.05); NS shows no significant differences between upper and lower distribution limit (p > 0.05); α, aridity index; MAP, mean annual precipitation; MAT, mean annual air temperature; MTCM, mean air temperature of the coldest month; MTWM, mean air temperature of the warmest month; GDD5, growing degree days on a 5 ℃ basis; GDD0, growing degree days on a 0 ℃ basis; SM, soil moisture.

表2 中国云杉林垂直分布上下限气候因子的主成分分析

Table 2 The principal component analysis of climatic factors at upper and lower altitudinal limits of Chinese spruce forests

气候因子 Climatic factor	主分量载荷 Principal component (PC) loading value
	分布上限 Upper distribution limit			分布下限 Lower distribution limit
	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC1	PC2	PC3
年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature (℃)	0.89	0.31	-0.28	0.87	0.32	-0.34
最冷月平均气温 Mean temperature of the coldest month (℃)	0.51	0.74	-0.38	0.42	0.75	-0.48
最热月平均气温 Mean temperature of the warmest month (℃)	0.79	-0.56	0.12	0.79	-0.57	0.14
≥5 ℃积温 Growing degree days on a 5 ℃ basis (℃·d)	0.93	-0.33	-0.06	0.96	-0.25	-0.05
≥0 ℃积温 Growing degree days on a 0 ℃ basis (℃·d)	0.96	-0.20	-0.12	0.98	-0.12	-0.09
年降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	0.47	0.75	0.12	0.25	0.88	0.15
土壤水分含量 Soil moisture (%)	0.17	0.72	0.60	0.06	0.78	0.58
干燥指数 Aridity index	0.72	-0.26	0.49	0.74	-0.08	0.62
特征值 Eigenvalue	4.24	2.26	0.87	4.06	2.46	1.12
信息量 Information amount (%)	53.02	28.22	10.90	50.77	30.81	11.06

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