冬季火对川西亚高山草地植物群落结构和牧草质量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00095

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

火是继土壤、水分、温度之后, 塑造地表植被的主要力量。该文以2010年“12·5”冬草场火烧事件为背景, 通过对比川西亚高山草地火烧区域和未火烧区域火后第一年植被群落结构和牧草质量, 探讨亚高山草地植被对冬季火烧的响应机制。通过物种多样性分析、双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和干重等级法(dry-weight-rank)分析发现, 冬季火烧未改变植被的生物多样性、均匀度和物种丰富度, 却改变了植被群落结构的物种组成。冬季火烧导致一年生禾草、一年生杂草、灌木等3种生活型植物的数量和生物量增加; 多年生杂草数量减少, 生物量增加; 多年生禾草数量和生物量减少。冬季火烧也极大地减少了可食禾草的比例, 增加了各种杂草的生物量比例。此次火烧事件降低了细柄草(Capillipedium parviflorum)和早熟禾(Poa sp.)等可食禾草的竞争能力, 增加了一些杂草(如火绒草(Leontopodium leontopodioides)、白莲蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)、草玉梅(Anemone rivularis)等)在资源竞争中的相对优势, 最终表现为火后牧草的可食性下降。

关键词: 干重等级法, 牧草质量, 物种多样性, 亚高山草地, TWINSPAN, 植被群落结构, 冬季火烧

Abstract:

Aims Wildfire had been one of the major forces that shaped the earth’s vegetation. However, few studies had documented how winter wildﬁre affected plant community structure. This study explores the response mechanism of subalpine grassland vegetation to winter wildfire.
Methods We chose subalpine areas of western Sichuan as a research site and selected 18 plots in subalpine grassland with and without winter wildfire. We analyzed community structure with species diversity analysis, TWINSPAN analysis and dry-weight-rank analysis.
Important findings Our study found that winter wildfire did not alter vegetation diversity, evenness, and species richness, but changed species composition. The quantity and biomass of annual grasses, perennial forbs and shrubs increased after winter wildfire. In addition, although the number of perennial forbs decreased, the biomass increased after winter wildfire. Moreover, the number and biomass of perennial grasses decreased, the biomass of graminoid species decreased and the biomass of forbs increased. Overall, winter wildfire decreased the competitive abilities of graminoid, such as Capillipedium parviflorum and Poa sp. Forbs, such as Leontopodium leontopodioides, Artemisia sacrorum and Anemone rivularis, had the advantage of competition for resources. Moreover, the edibility of grass was degraded following fire.

Key words: dry-weight-rank, forage quality, species diversity, subalpine grassland, TWINSPAN, plant community structure, winter wildfire

王谢,向成华,李贤伟,文冬菊. 冬季火对川西亚高山草地植物群落结构和牧草质量的影响. 植物生态学报, 2013, 37(10): 922-932. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00095

WANG Xie,XIANG Cheng-Hua,LI Xian-Wei,WEN Dong-Ju. Effects of a winter wildfire on plant community structure and forage quality in subalpine grassland of western Sichuan, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2013, 37(10): 922-932. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00095

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00095

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2013/V37/I10/922

图/表 6

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类型 Type	三个样地编号 IDs of three plots	处理 Treatment	地理环境 Geographical environment			土壤性质 Soil characteristics
类型 Type	三个样地编号 IDs of three plots	处理 Treatment	坡位 Slope position	坡向 Slope aspect	海拔 Elevation (m)	容重 Bulk density (g.cm^-3)¹⁾	含水量 Moisture (%)¹⁾	pH²⁾
B1	b07; b08; b09	火烧 Burned	上 Upper	东 East	3 429	0.992	22.3	6.60
B2	b10; b11; b12	火烧 Burned	中 Middle	东 East	3 454	1.055	15.1	7.28
B3	b13; b14; b15	火烧 Burned	下 Lower	东 East	3 461	1.051	15.4	7.54
B4	b04; b05; b06	火烧 Burned	上 Upper	西 West	3 315	0.932	26.6	6.30
B5	b01; b02; b03	火烧 Burned	中 Middle	西 West	3 243	1.058	15.6	6.71
B6	b16; b17; b18	火烧 Burned	下 Lower	西 West	3 487	0.946	16.7	7.24
U1	u07; u08; u09	未火烧 Unburned	上 Upper	东 East	3 409	0.993	23.4	6.44
U2	u10; u11; u12	未火烧 Unburned	中 Middle	东 East	3 334	1.043	22.2	7.04
U3	u13; u14; u15	未火烧 Unburned	下 Lower	东 East	3 444	0.987	19.3	7.47
U4	u04; u05; u06	未火烧 Unburned	上 Upper	西 West	3 424	0.929	32.4	6.36
U5	u01; u02; u03	未火烧 Unburned	中 Middle	西 West	3 196	1.068	17.0	6.63
U6	u16; u17; u18	未火烧 Unburned	下 Lower	西 West	3 484	1.079	18.5	7.15

类型 Type	三个样地编号 IDs of three plots	处理 Treatment	地理环境 Geographical environment			土壤性质 Soil characteristics
类型 Type	三个样地编号 IDs of three plots	处理 Treatment	坡位 Slope position	坡向 Slope aspect	海拔 Elevation (m)	容重 Bulk density (g.cm^-3)¹⁾	含水量 Moisture (%)¹⁾	pH²⁾
B1	b07; b08; b09	火烧 Burned	上 Upper	东 East	3 429	0.992	22.3	6.60
B2	b10; b11; b12	火烧 Burned	中 Middle	东 East	3 454	1.055	15.1	7.28
B3	b13; b14; b15	火烧 Burned	下 Lower	东 East	3 461	1.051	15.4	7.54
B4	b04; b05; b06	火烧 Burned	上 Upper	西 West	3 315	0.932	26.6	6.30
B5	b01; b02; b03	火烧 Burned	中 Middle	西 West	3 243	1.058	15.6	6.71
B6	b16; b17; b18	火烧 Burned	下 Lower	西 West	3 487	0.946	16.7	7.24
U1	u07; u08; u09	未火烧 Unburned	上 Upper	东 East	3 409	0.993	23.4	6.44
U2	u10; u11; u12	未火烧 Unburned	中 Middle	东 East	3 334	1.043	22.2	7.04
U3	u13; u14; u15	未火烧 Unburned	下 Lower	东 East	3 444	0.987	19.3	7.47
U4	u04; u05; u06	未火烧 Unburned	上 Upper	西 West	3 424	0.929	32.4	6.36
U5	u01; u02; u03	未火烧 Unburned	中 Middle	西 West	3 196	1.068	17.0	6.63
U6	u16; u17; u18	未火烧 Unburned	下 Lower	西 West	3 484	1.079	18.5	7.15

盖度 Coverage			频度 Frequency
原始值 Original value	Braun-Blanquet等级 Braun-Blanquet class	赋值 Value	统计值 Statistical value	Raunkiaer频度等级 Raunkiaer’s frequency class	赋值 Value
0%-5%	<5%	1	0%-20%	A	1
6%-25%	6%-25%	2	21%-40%	B	2
26%-50%	26%-50%	3	41%-60%	C	3
51%-75%	51%-75%	4	61% -80%	D	4
76%-100%	76%-100%	5	81%-100%	E	5

盖度 Coverage			频度 Frequency
原始值 Original value	Braun-Blanquet等级 Braun-Blanquet class	赋值 Value	统计值 Statistical value	Raunkiaer频度等级 Raunkiaer’s frequency class	赋值 Value
0%-5%	<5%	1	0%-20%	A	1
6%-25%	6%-25%	2	21%-40%	B	2
26%-50%	26%-50%	3	41%-60%	C	3
51%-75%	51%-75%	4	61% -80%	D	4
76%-100%	76%-100%	5	81%-100%	E	5

排名 Rank	科 Family		属 Genus		种 Species
排名 Rank	名称 Name	比例 Proportion	名称 Name	比例 Proportion	名称 Name	比例 Proportion
1	菊科 Compositae	18.67%	委陵菜属 Potentilla	6.67%	川甘火绒草 Leontopodium chuii	5.18%
2	禾本科 Gramineae	13.69%	火绒草属 Leontopodium	5.63%	嵩草 Kobresia sp.	4.55%
3	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	12.24%	蒿属 Artemisia	5.42%	高山豆 Tibetia himalaica	4.35%
4	豆科 Leguminosae	11.00%	嵩草属 Kobresia	4.58%	早熟禾属 Poa sp.	4.35%
5	毛茛科 Ranunculaceae	7.26%	拉拉藤属 Galium	4.58%	钉柱委陵菜 Potentilla saundersiana	3.73%
6	莎草科 Cyperaceae	6.85%	早熟禾属 Poa	4.38%	狼毒 Stellera chamaejasme	3.73%
7	茜草科 Rubiaceae	4.56%	高山豆属 Tibetia	4.38%	拉拉藤 Galium aparine	3.52%
8	瑞香科 Thymelaeaceae	3.73%	银莲花属 Anemone	3.75%	直梗高山唐松草 Thalictrum alpinum var. elatum	3.11%
9	报春花科 Primulaceae	3.11%	野豌豆属 Vicia	3.75%	重冠紫菀 Aster diplostephioides	3.11%
10	唇形科 Labiatae	2.49%	狼毒属 Stellera	3.75%	野豌豆 Vicia sativa	2.90%
总计 Total		83.61%		46.88%		38.51%