三江平原沟渠土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了探究三江平原沟渠土壤种子库在湿地植物保护中的作用及其在湿地恢复中的潜力, 该文采用幼苗萌发法与样方调查相结合的方法, 对三江平原不同开挖年限沟渠的土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系进行了研究。结果表明: 沟渠具有较大规模的土壤种子库, 边坡种子库显著大于底泥种子库, 边坡种子库密度为8973-25000 seeds·m^-2, 底泥种子库密度为506-1488 seeds·m^-2。开挖10年、20年和30年的沟渠土壤种子库共有50种植物萌发, 隶属于20科41属。开挖10年、20年和30年的沟渠土壤种子库萌发物种数分别为37种、34种和33种, 地上植被物种数分别为25种、33种和22种。土壤种子库和相应地上植被的相似性系数分别为38.7%、35.8%和32.7%。随着植物群落演替的进行, 地上植被的Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均逐渐增大。三江平原沟渠土壤种子库和地上植被中保存了大量湿地植物, 表明沟渠具有保护植物物种多样性的作用, 沟渠土壤种子库具有湿地恢复的潜力。随着沟渠开挖年限增加, 沟渠植物群落呈现退化特征, 建议对沟渠系统加强管理。

关键词: 地上植被, 沟渠, 三江平原, 土壤种子库, 物种多样性

Abstract:

Aims Ditches play an important role in preserving plant biodiversity. Our objective was to determine the characteristics of soil seed banks and their relationships with aboveground vegetation in ditches over different times in the Sanjiang Plain.
Methods Soil seed banks were investigated on different sites of ditches, and germination method was used to identify species composition of seed banks. Aboveground vegetation was investigated with quadrate method in ditches where seed banks were sampled.
Important findings Results showed that the seed density in the soil seed banks in ditches was generally high. Seed density on the banks of ditches was 8973-25000 seeds·m^-2, higher than that in the sediments of ditches, which was 506-1488 seeds·m^-2. A total of 50 species were identified in the soil seed banks with the germination method, belonging to 41 genera in 20 families. The number of species found in the soil seed banks was 37, 34, and 33 in ditches with excavation time history of 10 years, 20 years, and 30 years, respectively, corresponding to 25, 33, and 22 species recorded in the aboveground vegetation. Similarity indexes for the comparison between soil seed banks and aboveground vegetation were 38.7%, 35.8%, 32.7%, respectively. Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index of aboveground vegetation increased with succession. According to this study, there are a large amount of wetland species in the soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation in ditches in the Sanjiang Plain, indicating that ditches play an important role in preserving plant biodiversity and that soil seed bank in ditches have potential to be used in wetland restoration. Plant community degradation with succession in ditches suggests that management of ditches should be strengthened.

Key words: aboveground vegetation, ditch, Sanjiang Plain, soil seed bank, species diversity

刘庆艳, 王国栋, 姜明, 吕宪国, 娄彦景. 三江平原沟渠土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(1): 17-26. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00002

LIU Qing-Yan, WANG Guo-Dong, JIANG Ming, LÜ Xian-Guo, LOU Yan-Jing. Characteristics of soil seed banks and their relationships with aboveground vegetation in ditches in the Sanjiang Plain. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(1): 17-26. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00002

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2014/V38/I1/17

图/表 6

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采样点 Sampling site	地理位置 Geographic location	沟渠特征 Ditch characteristics			周围土地利用类型 Surrounding land use type
采样点 Sampling site	地理位置 Geographic location	宽度 Width (m)	深度 Depth (m)	边坡坡度 Slope of ditch bank	周围土地利用类型 Surrounding land use type
D1-1	47°30′42″ N, 133°35′28″ E	7-8	2	1:2	天然湿地 Natural wetland
D1-2	47°30′53″ N, 133°35′27″ E	7-8	2	1:2	天然湿地 Natural wetland
D2-1	47°39′29″ N, 133°28′24″ E	10-15	2-3	1:2.5-1:2	农田 Cropland
D2-2	47°40′52″ N, 133°28′29″ E	10-15	2-3	1:2.5-1:2
D2-3	47°42′35″ N, 133°28′33″ E	15-20	2-3	1:2.5-1:2
D3-1	47°32′18″ N, 133°22′17″ E	40-50	3	1:3	农田 Cropland
D3-2	47°32′19″ N, 133°30′40″ E	40-50	3	1:3
D3-3	47°30′49″ N, 133°37′47″ E	30-40	3	1:3

采样点 Sampling site	地理位置 Geographic location	沟渠特征 Ditch characteristics			周围土地利用类型 Surrounding land use type
采样点 Sampling site	地理位置 Geographic location	宽度 Width (m)	深度 Depth (m)	边坡坡度 Slope of ditch bank	周围土地利用类型 Surrounding land use type
D1-1	47°30′42″ N, 133°35′28″ E	7-8	2	1:2	天然湿地 Natural wetland
D1-2	47°30′53″ N, 133°35′27″ E	7-8	2	1:2	天然湿地 Natural wetland
D2-1	47°39′29″ N, 133°28′24″ E	10-15	2-3	1:2.5-1:2	农田 Cropland
D2-2	47°40′52″ N, 133°28′29″ E	10-15	2-3	1:2.5-1:2
D2-3	47°42′35″ N, 133°28′33″ E	15-20	2-3	1:2.5-1:2
D3-1	47°32′18″ N, 133°22′17″ E	40-50	3	1:3	农田 Cropland
D3-2	47°32′19″ N, 133°30′40″ E	40-50	3	1:3
D3-3	47°30′49″ N, 133°37′47″ E	30-40	3	1:3

生活型 Life form	物种 Species	开挖10年的沟渠 Ditches of excavation for 10 years		开挖20年的沟渠 Ditches of excavation for 20 years		开挖30年的沟渠 Ditches of excavation for 30 years
生活型 Life form	物种 Species	边坡 Ditch bank	底泥 Sediment	边坡 Ditch bank	底泥 Sediment	边坡 Ditch bank	底泥 Sediment
一、二年生草本 Annual and biennial herb	萹蓄 Polygonum aviculare	3 125.0	0	14.9	0	0	0
	苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum	22.3	0	0	0	0	0
	长芒野稗 Echinochloa crusgalli var. submutica	245.5	0	29.8	0	119.0	0
	飞蓬 Erigeron acer	1 473.2	0	461.3	0	699.4	0
	涩生蔊菜 Rorippa palustris	2 968.8	44.6	476.2	29.8	4 821.4	59.5
	狗尾草 Setaria viridis	0	0	14.9	0	89.3	0
	湖瓜草 Lipocarpha microcephala	0	0	14.9	0	14.9	0
	灰绿藜 Chenopodium glaucum	89.3	0	0	0	14.9	0
	鸡眼草 Kummerowia striata	0	0	639.9	0	0	0
	看麦娘 Alopecurus aequalis	22.3	0	0	0	0	0
	糠稷 Panicum bisulcatum	334.8	0	208.3	29.8	148.8	0
	马唐 Digitaria sanguinalis	647.3	44.6	1 264.8	148.8	59.5	119
	陌上菜 Lindernia procumbens	0	44.6	758.9	892.8	520.8	119
	蛇床 Cnidium monnieri	44.6	0	0	0	44.6	0
	水蓼 Polygonum hydropiper	22.3	0	0	0	0	0
	桃叶蓼 Polygonum persicaria	111.6	89.3	0	0	59.5	0
	无芒野稗 Echinochloa crusgalli var. caudata	602.7	0	44.6	0	14.9	0
	小蓬草 Conyza canadensis	0	0	0	0	14.9	0
	野稗 Echinochloa crusgalli	22.3	0	0	0	59.5	0
	东北鼠曲草 Gnaphalium mandshuricum	267.9	0	44.6	29.8	14.9	29.8
多年生草本 Perennial herb	菴蒿 Artemisia keiskeana	22.3	0	193.5	0	104.2	0
	扁秆藨草 Scirpus planiculmis	0	0	14.9	0	788.8	0
	槽杆荸荠 Eleocharis equiaetiformis	44.6	89.3	44.6	59.5	0	0
	车前 Plantago asiatica	156.3	0	29.8	0	44.6	0
	刺儿菜 Cirsium segetum	22.3	0	0	0	14.9	0
	地耳草 Triadenum japonicum	267.9	0	0	0	0	0
	多枝剪股颖 Agrostis divaricatissima	22.3	0	44.6	29.8	14.9	0
	灰背老鹳草 Geranium valssowianum	0	0	0	0	44.6	0
	苣荬菜 Sonchus brachyotus	67.0	0	119.0	29.8	223.2	29.8
	宽叶山蒿 Artemisia stolonifera	290.2	44.6	267.9	0	223.2	0
	狼尾花 Lysimachia barystachys	0	0	491.1	0	44.6	0
	柳叶菜 Epilobium hirsutum	67.0	401.8	14.9	29.8	0	0
	驴蹄草 Caltha palustris var. sibirica	0	0	0	0	14.9	0
	莓叶委陵菜 Potentilla fragarioides	647.3	0	14.9	0	580.4	0
	苜蓿 Medicago sativa	0	0	14.9	0	0	0
	三裂慈姑 Sagittaria trifolia	0	0	59.5	0	0	0
	山柳菊属一种 Hieracium sp.	156.3	0	119.0	0	14.9	0
	肾叶唐松草 Thalictrum petaloideum	0	0	14.9	0	0	0
	湿薹草 Carex humida	22.3	44.6	0	0	0	0
	蒌蒿 Artemisia selengensis	12 031.3	133.9	3 363.1	148.2	9 836.3	148.8
	香蒲 Typha orientalis	67.0	0	59.5	0	372.0	0
	小叶章 Calamagrostis angustifolia	669.6	0	0	0	29.8	0
	亚洲蓍 Achillea asiatica	0	0	14.9	0	0	0
	泽泻 Alisma orientale	44.6	401.8	44.6	29.8	0	0
	猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparla	200.9	0	0	0	44.6	0
	木贼 Hippochaete hyemale	89.3	0	0	0	0	0
	未知 Unknown 1	0	0	29.8	0	0	0
	未知 Unknown 2	22.3	0	14.9	0	208.3	0
灌木 Shrub	绣线菊 Spiraea salicifolia	89.3	0	14.9	29.8	104.2	0
灌木 Shrub	柳属一种 Salix sp.	0	44.6	14.9	0	0	0
总计 Total		25 000	1 384	8 973	1 488	19 405	506

生活型 Life form	物种 Species	开挖10年的沟渠 Ditches of excavation for 10 years		开挖20年的沟渠 Ditches of excavation for 20 years		开挖30年的沟渠 Ditches of excavation for 30 years
生活型 Life form	物种 Species	边坡 Ditch bank	底泥 Sediment	边坡 Ditch bank	底泥 Sediment	边坡 Ditch bank	底泥 Sediment
一、二年生草本 Annual and biennial herb	萹蓄 Polygonum aviculare	3 125.0	0	14.9	0	0	0
	苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum	22.3	0	0	0	0	0
	长芒野稗 Echinochloa crusgalli var. submutica	245.5	0	29.8	0	119.0	0
	飞蓬 Erigeron acer	1 473.2	0	461.3	0	699.4	0
	涩生蔊菜 Rorippa palustris	2 968.8	44.6	476.2	29.8	4 821.4	59.5
	狗尾草 Setaria viridis	0	0	14.9	0	89.3	0
	湖瓜草 Lipocarpha microcephala	0	0	14.9	0	14.9	0
	灰绿藜 Chenopodium glaucum	89.3	0	0	0	14.9	0
	鸡眼草 Kummerowia striata	0	0	639.9	0	0	0
	看麦娘 Alopecurus aequalis	22.3	0	0	0	0	0
	糠稷 Panicum bisulcatum	334.8	0	208.3	29.8	148.8	0
	马唐 Digitaria sanguinalis	647.3	44.6	1 264.8	148.8	59.5	119
	陌上菜 Lindernia procumbens	0	44.6	758.9	892.8	520.8	119
	蛇床 Cnidium monnieri	44.6	0	0	0	44.6	0
	水蓼 Polygonum hydropiper	22.3	0	0	0	0	0
	桃叶蓼 Polygonum persicaria	111.6	89.3	0	0	59.5	0
	无芒野稗 Echinochloa crusgalli var. caudata	602.7	0	44.6	0	14.9	0
	小蓬草 Conyza canadensis	0	0	0	0	14.9	0
	野稗 Echinochloa crusgalli	22.3	0	0	0	59.5	0
	东北鼠曲草 Gnaphalium mandshuricum	267.9	0	44.6	29.8	14.9	29.8
多年生草本 Perennial herb	菴蒿 Artemisia keiskeana	22.3	0	193.5	0	104.2	0
	扁秆藨草 Scirpus planiculmis	0	0	14.9	0	788.8	0
	槽杆荸荠 Eleocharis equiaetiformis	44.6	89.3	44.6	59.5	0	0
	车前 Plantago asiatica	156.3	0	29.8	0	44.6	0
	刺儿菜 Cirsium segetum	22.3	0	0	0	14.9	0
	地耳草 Triadenum japonicum	267.9	0	0	0	0	0
	多枝剪股颖 Agrostis divaricatissima	22.3	0	44.6	29.8	14.9	0
	灰背老鹳草 Geranium valssowianum	0	0	0	0	44.6	0
	苣荬菜 Sonchus brachyotus	67.0	0	119.0	29.8	223.2	29.8
	宽叶山蒿 Artemisia stolonifera	290.2	44.6	267.9	0	223.2	0
	狼尾花 Lysimachia barystachys	0	0	491.1	0	44.6	0
	柳叶菜 Epilobium hirsutum	67.0	401.8	14.9	29.8	0	0
	驴蹄草 Caltha palustris var. sibirica	0	0	0	0	14.9	0
	莓叶委陵菜 Potentilla fragarioides	647.3	0	14.9	0	580.4	0
	苜蓿 Medicago sativa	0	0	14.9	0	0	0
	三裂慈姑 Sagittaria trifolia	0	0	59.5	0	0	0
	山柳菊属一种 Hieracium sp.	156.3	0	119.0	0	14.9	0
	肾叶唐松草 Thalictrum petaloideum	0	0	14.9	0	0	0
	湿薹草 Carex humida	22.3	44.6	0	0	0	0
	蒌蒿 Artemisia selengensis	12 031.3	133.9	3 363.1	148.2	9 836.3	148.8
	香蒲 Typha orientalis	67.0	0	59.5	0	372.0	0
	小叶章 Calamagrostis angustifolia	669.6	0	0	0	29.8	0
	亚洲蓍 Achillea asiatica	0	0	14.9	0	0	0
	泽泻 Alisma orientale	44.6	401.8	44.6	29.8	0	0
	猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparla	200.9	0	0	0	44.6	0
	木贼 Hippochaete hyemale	89.3	0	0	0	0	0
	未知 Unknown 1	0	0	29.8	0	0	0
	未知 Unknown 2	22.3	0	14.9	0	208.3	0
灌木 Shrub	绣线菊 Spiraea salicifolia	89.3	0	14.9	29.8	104.2	0
灌木 Shrub	柳属一种 Salix sp.	0	44.6	14.9	0	0	0
总计 Total		25 000	1 384	8 973	1 488	19 405	506

沟渠开挖年限 Years of ditch excavation	物种 Species	重要值Importance value
10 a	小叶章 Calamagrostis angustifolia	0.350 2
	狭叶甜茅 Glyceria spiculosa	0.105 0
	蒌蒿 Artemisia selengensis	0.092 3
	禾本科一种 Gramineae sp.	0.042 7
	黄花蒿 Artemisia annua	0.041 9
	柳属一种 Salixsp.	0.039 5
	马唐 Digitaria sanguinalis	0.033 7
20 a	小叶章 Calamagrostis angustifolia	0.202 9
	狗尾草 Setaria viridis	0.125 4
	野稗 Echinochloa crusgalli	0.050 6
	多枝剪股颖 Agrostis divaricatissima	0.050 5
	大叶银莲花 Anemone udensis	0.045 0
	蒌蒿 Artemisia selengensis	0.041 9
	绣线菊 Spiraea salicifolia	0.040 3
30 a	蒌蒿 Artemisia selengensis	0.174 6
	问荆 Equisetum arvense	0.170 0
	柳属一种 Salixsp.	0.066 2
	杨属一种 Populussp.	0.057 0
	大刺儿菜 Cirsium setosum	0.049 2
	多枝剪股颖 Agrostis divaricatissima	0.041 1
	灰背老鹳草 Geranium valssowianum	0.040 8