模拟增温对荒漠生物土壤结皮-土壤系统CO2、CH4和N2O通量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00076

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目前, 有关增温条件下荒漠生物土壤结皮(BSCs)-土壤系统与大气之间主要温室气体(CO₂、CH₄和N₂O)通量变化的研究十分匮乏, 以致很难准确地评估荒漠生态系统温室气体通量对气候变暖的响应与反馈的方向和程度。该文选择腾格里沙漠东南缘天然植被区由藻类、藓类以及二者混生的3种类型的BSCs覆盖土壤为研究对象, 以开顶式生长室(OTC)为增温方式模拟全球变暖, 采用静态箱-气相色谱法探究了2012年7月至2013年6月增温和不增温处理下CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量的变化特征。结果表明: 增温和结皮类型对CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量没有显著影响。采样日期、结皮类型与采样日期, 以及增温与结皮类型和采样日期的互作显著影响CO₂和CH₄通量, 增温和采样日期互作显著影响CH₄通量。BSCs-土壤系统的CO₂、CH₄和N₂O年通量及其增温潜能在增温和不增温处理下的差异均不显著。CO₂通量与5 cm深度的土壤温度呈显著的指数正相关关系, 与10 cm深度的土壤湿度呈线性正相关关系; 藓类、混生结皮的CH₄通量与5 cm深度的土壤温度和10 cm深度的土壤湿度均呈显著的线性负相关关系; 3种结皮类型的N₂O通量与5 cm深度的土壤温度均无相关关系, 藓类结皮的N₂O通量与10 cm深度的土壤湿度呈显著的线性负相关关系。藓类结皮的CO₂和CH₄在增温和不增温两种处理下的通量差异与5 cm深度的土壤温度差异呈显著的负线性相关, 藻类结皮N₂O的通量差异与温度差异呈近似正相关关系(p = 0.051)。以上结果说明: 在全球变暖的背景下, 荒漠BSCs-土壤系统主要温室气体通量不会有明显的变化, 意味着荒漠生态系统温室气体的排放可能对气候变暖没有明显的反馈。

关键词: 生物土壤结皮, 荒漠, 模拟增温, 温室气体

Abstract:

Aims The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of experimental warming on the fluxes of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O of biological soil crusts (BSCs) and soil system, and to determine the relationships of the greenhouse gas fluxes with soil temperature and soil moisture.
Methods We used open top chamber to imitate climate warming. Intact soil columns covered with three types of biological soil crusts, including moss, algae and mixed crusts of moss and algae, were collected at the southeast fringe of the Tengger Desert. The fluxes of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O under warming and non-warming treatments were measured using static chamber and gas chromatography method during the period from July 2012 to June 2013.
Important findings Warming and BSCs types had no significant effects on the fluxes of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O. The CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes were significantly affected by sampling date as well as interactions between crust type and sampling date and among warming treatment, crust type and sampling date. An interaction between warming treatment and sampling date also significantly affected the CH₄ flux. However, no difference was found in the annual CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O fluxes and global warming potentials (GWP) in the three BSC types between the warming and non-warming treatments. CO₂flux had a significant and positive exponential correlation with soil temperature at 5 cm depth and a significant and negative linear correlation with soil moisture at 10 cm depth. The CH₄ fluxes of moss and mixed crusts were significantly and negatively correlated with both soil temperature at 5 cm depth and soil moisture at 10 cm depth. No relationship was found between the N₂O flux and soil temperature, while the N₂O flux of moss crust was significantly and negatively correlated with soil moisture at 10 cm depth. Differences in CO₂and CH₄ fluxes of moss crust between the warming and non-warming treatments were significantly and negatively correlated with the difference of soil temperature at 5 cm depth between the two treatments; whereas the difference in N₂O flux of algae crust was marginally and positively correlated (p = 0.051) with the difference in soil temperature. All results mentioned above suggest that the fluxes of greenhouse gases would not experience a significant change for the BSCs-soil system under global warming, meaning that the feedback of greenhouse gases in the desert ecosystem to climate warming would not be large in the future.

Key words: biological soil crust, desert, experimental warming, greenhouse gases

徐冰鑫, 胡宜刚, 张志山, 陈永乐, 张鹏, 李刚. 模拟增温对荒漠生物土壤结皮-土壤系统CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量的影响. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(8): 809-820. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00076

XU Bing-Xin, HU Yi-Gang, ZHANG Zhi-Shan, CHEN Yong-Le, ZHANG Peng, LI Gang. Effects of experimental warming on CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O fluxes of biological soil crust and soil system in a desert region. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(8): 809-820. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00076

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00076

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2014/V38/I8/809

图/表 9

图1 增温对5 cm深度土壤温度的影响(平均值±标准误差)。NW, 不增温; W, 增温。不同字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 1 Effects of warming on soil temperature at 5 cm depth (mean ± SE). NW, non-warming; W, warming. Different letters indicate significant differences at 0.05 level.

表1 CO2、CH4和N2O通量的多因素方差分析

Table 1 Multivariate analysis of CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes

因素 Factor	CO₂		CH₄		N₂O
因素 Factor	F	p	F	p	F	p
增温 Warming (W)	0.411	0.522	4.818	0.159	0.842	0.360
生物土壤结皮类型 Type of biological soil crusts (T)	2.364	0.098	1.265	0.285	0.287	0.751
采样日期 Date of sampling (D)	25.879	<0.001	5.001	<0.001	1.120	0.350
T × D	5.124	<0.001	2.421	<0.001	0.658	0.874
W × D	1.683	0.083	2.113	0.023	0.825	0.615
W × T	1.815	0.167	1.864	0.159	0.637	0.530
W × T × D	2.407	0.001	2.137	0.004	1.480	0.090

图2 增温和不增温处理下不同生物土壤结皮类型的CO2通量(平均值±标准误差)。*表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。相同字母表示处理间差异不显著(p > 0.05)。A, 藓类结皮。B, 藻类结皮。C, 藓类和藻类结皮。

Fig. 2 CO2 fluxes of various biological soil crust types under warming and non-warming treatments (mean ± SE). * indicate significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). The same letters indicate no significant differences between treatments (p > 0.05). A, Moss crusts. B, Algae crusts. C, Moss & algae crusts.

图3 增温和不增温处理下不同生物土壤结皮类型的CH4通量变化(平均值±标准误差)。*表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。相同字母表示处理间差异不显著(p > 0.05)。A, 藓类结皮。B, 藻类结皮。C, 藓类和藻类结皮。

Fig. 3 CH4 fluxes of various biological soil crust types under warming and non-warming treatments (mean ± SE). * indicate significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). The same letters indicate no significant differences between treatments (p > 0.05). A, Moss crusts. B, Algae crusts. C, Moss & algae crusts.

图4 增温和不增温处理下不同生物土壤结皮类型N2O通量变化(平均值±标准误差)。*表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。相同字母表示处理间差异不显著(p > 0.05)。A, 藓类结皮。B, 藻类结皮。C, 藓类和藻类结皮。

Fig. 4 N2O fluxes of various biological soil crust types under warming and non-warming treatments (mean ± SE). * indicate significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). The same letters indicate no significant differences between treatments (p > 0.05). A, Moss crusts. B, Algae crusts. C, Moss & algae crusts.

表2 增温(W)和不增温(NW)处理下CO2、CH4和N2O累积通量(g·m-2)和年增温潜能(GWP) (平均值±标准偏差)

Table 2 Cumulative CO2, CH4 and N2O emission (g·m-2) and annual warming potentials (GWP) (mean ± SD) under warming (W) and non-warming (NW) treatments

生物土壤结皮类型 Type of biological soil crusts	处理 Treatment	CO₂累积通量 Cumulative CO₂ emission (g·m^-2)	CH₄累积通量 Cumulative CH₄emission (g·m^-2)	N₂O累积通量 Cumulative N₂O emission (g·m^-2)	GWP (g·m^-2)
藓类结皮	W	380 ± 185.9	-4.36 × 10^-4± 1.74 × 10^-4	-0.060 ± 0.039	363 ± 197
Moss crusts	NW	440 ± 110.8	-3.29 × 10^-4± 2.31 × 10^-4	-0.387 ± 0.037	429 ± 122
藻类结皮	W	306 ± 99.8	-5.72 × 10^-4± 2.17 × 10^-4	-0.062 ± 0.061	288 ± 118
Algae crusts	NW	377 ± 121.2	-9.91 × 10^-5± 2.22 × 10^-4	-0.019 ± 0.024	372 ± 128
藓类和藻类结皮	W	337 ± 65.0	-3.65 × 10^-4± 1.17 × 10^-4	-0.089 ± 0.036	311 ± 76
Moss & algae crusts	NW	273 ± 78.1	-4.93 × 10^-4± 1.30 × 10^-4	-0.027 ± 0.029	265 ± 87

图5 CO2、CH4和N2O通量与5 cm深处的土壤温度的关系。A, D, G, 藓类结皮。B, E, H, 藻类结皮。C, F, I, 藓类和藻类结皮。

Fig. 5 Relationships of CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes with soil temperature at 5 cm depth. A, D, G, Moss crusts. B, E, H, Algae crusts. C, F, I, Moss & algae crusts.

图6 CO2、CH4和N2O通量与10 cm深处的土壤湿度的关系。A, D, G, 藓类结皮。B, E, H, 藻类结皮。C, F, I, 藓类和藻类结皮。

Fig. 6 Relationships of CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes with soil moisture at 10 cm depth. A, D, G, Moss crusts. B, E, H, Algae crusts. C, F, I, Moss & algae crusts.

表3 增温和不增温处理下5 cm深度土壤温度差异与CO2、CH4和N2O通量差异的回归分析

Table 3 Regressions of the differences in soil temperature at 5 cm depth with the differences in fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O between warming and non-warming treatments

生物土壤结皮类型 Type of biological soil crusts	CO₂			CH₄			N₂O
生物土壤结皮类型 Type of biological soil crusts	线性方程 Linear equation	p	R²	线性方程 Linear equation	p	R²	线性方程 Linear equation	p	R²
藓类结皮 Moss crusts	y = -19.5x + 25.3	0.036	0.097	y = -0.043x + 0.059	0.018	0.128	y = -6.76x + 13.6	0.141	0.035
藻类结皮 Algae crusts	y = 10.9x - 26.1	0.216	0.016	y = 0.027x - 0.099	0.264	0.008	y = 13.1x - 27.5	0.051	0.081
藻类和藓类结皮 Moss & algae crusts	y = -3.35x + 12.8	0.487	0.000	y = 0.022x - 0.043	0.125	0.040	y = 2.97x - 11.4	0.602	0.000

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	[ 张鹏, 李新荣, 何明珠, 李小军, 高艳红 (2012). 冬季低温及模拟升温对生物土壤结皮固氮活性的影响. 生态学杂志, 31, 1653-1658.]
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模拟增温对荒漠生物土壤结皮-土壤系统CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量的影响

Effects of experimental warming on CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O fluxes of biological soil crust and soil system in a desert region

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