灌溉对干旱区冬小麦干物质积累、分配和产量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00128

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探明灌溉对干旱区冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)产量、水分利用效率(WUE)、干物质积累及分配等的影响, 以甘肃河西走廊冬小麦适宜种植品种‘临抗2号’为材料进行了研究。在冬季灌水180 mm的条件下, 生育期以灌水量和灌水次数等共设置5个处理, 分别为: 拔节期灌水量165 mm (W1)、拔节期灌水量120 mm +抽穗期灌水量105 mm (W2)、拔节期灌水量105 mm +抽穗期灌水量105 mm +灌浆期灌水量105 mm (W3)、拔节期灌水量75 mm +抽穗期灌水量75 mm +灌浆期灌水量75 mm (W4)、拔节期灌水量105 mm +抽穗期灌水量75 mm +灌浆期灌水量45 mm (W5)。结果表明: 随着生育期的推进, 土壤有效含水量(AWC)受灌水次数及灌水量影响更加明显; W3、W4处理的土壤各层AWC在灌浆期均较高; 叶面积指数(LAI)下降慢, 延缓了生育后期的衰老; 生育后期干物质积累增加, 提高了穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量。籽粒产量以W3处理最高, 但W4具有最高的WUE, 且籽粒产量与W3无显著差异, 但W4较灌溉总量相同的W2和W5以及灌水量最少的W1具有明显的指标优势。W1、W2、W5处理灌浆期各层土壤AWC均较低, 花后LAI下降快, 干物质积累减少, 灌浆持续期缩短, 穗粒数和千粒重减少, 最终表现为籽粒产量和WUE下降。灌浆期水分胁迫可促进花前储存碳库向籽粒的再转运, 并随着干旱胁迫的加重而提高, 对籽粒产量起补偿作用; 水分胁迫提高了灌浆速率, 但缩短了灌浆持续期。相关性分析表明, 灌浆持续期、有效灌浆持续期、有效灌浆期粒重增加值和最大籽粒灌浆速率出现时间与千粒重和籽粒产量均呈正相关。综合考虑, 拔节、抽穗及灌浆期各灌溉75 mm是高产高WUE的最佳灌水方案。

关键词: 干物质, 灌浆, 籽粒产量, 灌溉, 冬小麦

Abstract:

Aims Our objective was to determine the effects of irrigation schedule on grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and accumulation and distribution of dry matter in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) ‘Lingkang-2’ in the arid Hexi corridor of Northwest China.

Methods Based on pre-winter irrigation quota of 180 mm, we set up five irrigation treatments, i.e., irrigation quota of 165 mm at the jointing stage (W1), irrigation quota of 120 mm at the jointing stage and 105 mm at the heading stage (W2), irrigation quota of 105 mm at the jointing, heading and grain filling stages, respectively (W3), irrigation quota of 75 mm at the jointing, heading and grain filling stages, respectively (W4), and irrigation quota of 105 mm at the jointing stage, 75 mm at the heading stage, and 45 mm at the grain filling stage (W5).

Important findings Available soil water content (AWC) in the 0-150 cm layer across different irrigation treatments changed with wheat growth stages. The grain yield in both W3 and W4 treatments was obviously improved by higher leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation. Higher AWC was found in the W3 and W4 treatments, but there was no significant difference in the grain yield between the two treatments. Nevertheless, the highest water use efficiency (WUE) in the W4 treatment was associated with its higher value of growth index than those in the W1, W2 and W5 treatments. In contrast, LAI in the W1, W2 and W5 treatments quickly decreased after anthesis, corresponding to lower dry matter accumulation, shorter grain filling duration and fewer numbers of spike and lower 1000-grain weight. We also observed that drought stress after anthesis promoted dry matter translocation from vegetative organs to grains, with a complementary effect on grain yield occurring as drought stress increased. In the grain filling stage, drought stress stimulated average filling rate, but shortened the duration of grain filling. The duration of grain filling, effective period of grain filling, the value of increases in grain weight during effective period of grain filling, and the timing of the maximum filling rate were positively correlated with 1000-grain weight and grain yield of winter wheat (p < 0.05). In consideration of all results, winter wheat should be irrigated at 75 mm at the jointing, heading and filling stages to achieve reasonable water use efficiency and grain yield. Our findings may help with the decision makers by providing hydrological and ecological evidence in development of sustainable agriculture in arid regions.

Key words: dry matter, grain filling, grain yield, irrigation, winter wheat

黄彩霞, 柴守玺, 赵德明, 康燕霞. 灌溉对干旱区冬小麦干物质积累、分配和产量的影响. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(12): 1333-1344. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00128

HUANG Cai-Xia, CHAI Shou-Xi, ZHAO De-Ming, KANG Yan-Xia. Effects of irrigation on accumulation and distribution of dry matter and grain yield in winter wheat in arid regions of China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(12): 1333-1344. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00128

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00128

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2014/V38/I12/1333

图/表 9

图1 2009-2010年冬小麦生育期间降水量变化趋势。

Fig. 1 Trend of change in precipitation in the growing season of winter wheat during 2009-2010.

图2 灌溉对不同生育时期0-60 cm和60-150 cm土层土壤有效含水量(AWC)的影响(平均值±标准误差)。不同的小写字母表示5%水平上差异显著。W1, 拔节期灌溉165 mm; W2, 拔节期灌溉120 mm +抽穗期灌溉105 mm; W3, 拔节期灌溉105 mm +抽穗期灌溉105 mm +灌浆期灌溉105 mm; W4, 拔节期灌溉75 mm +抽穗期灌溉75 mm +灌浆期灌溉75 mm; W5, 拔节期灌溉105 mm +抽穗期灌溉75 mm +灌浆期灌溉45 mm。

Fig. 2 Available soil water content (AWC) in the 0-60 cm and 60-150 cm soil layers during different growth stages (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05. W1, irrigation quota of 165 mm at the jointing stage; W2, irrigation quota of 120 mm at the jointing stage and 105 mm at the heading stage; W3, irrigation quota of 105 mm at the jointing, heading and grain filling stages, respectively; W4, irrigation quota of 75 mm at the jointing, heading and grain filling stages, respectively; W5, irrigation quota of 105 mm at the jointing stage, 75 mm at the heading stage and 45 mm at the grain filling stage.

表1 不同灌溉处理下冬小麦产量、产量构成要素和水分利用效率(WUE)的比较(平均值±标准误差)

Table 1 Water use efficiency (WUE), grain yield and yield components in different irrigation treatments (mean ± SE)

处理 Treatment	单位面积穗数 SPN (10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 GNS (number·plant^-1)	千粒重 TWG (g)	籽粒产量 GY (kg·hm^-2)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
W1	839 ± 45.33^a	19 ± 0.82^b	48 ± 0.89^b	4 675 ± 127.35^c	6.3 ± 0.17^b
W2	860 ± 43.03^a	22 ± 0.52^a	5 ± 2.64^ab	5 803 ± 151.76^b	7.4 ± 0.83^ab
W3	928 ± 22.51^a	22 ± 0.04^a	53 ± 1.12^a	6 297 ± 220.91^a	7.5 ± 0.27^a
W4	878 ± 15.4^a	23 ± 0.04^a	53 ± 0.41^ab	6 240 ± 58.48^a	7.9 ± 0.07^a
W5	895 ± 40.19^a	22 ± 0.33^a	507 ± 1.68^b	5 305 ± 56.58^b	6.9 ± 0.07^b

表2 不同灌溉条件下冬小麦农艺性状和产量之间的相关分析

Table 2 The correlation analysis between agronomic characteristics and grain yield in winter wheat under different irrigation treatments

项目 Item	T	W	R	TR_max	R_max	T_e	W_e	R_e	GNS	TWG	GY	WUE
SPN	0.51	-0.80	-0.75	0.59	-0.09	0.57	0.80	-0.13	-0.21	0.24	0.29	0.09
GNS	0.52	0.26	0.47	0.66	-0.59	0.51	0.37	-0.60	1.00	0.86^*	0.87^*	0.94^**
TWG	0.80	0.02	0.25	0.89^*	-0.74	0.80	0.70	-0.76	0.86^*	1.00	0.99^**	0.95^**
GY	0.78	-0.10	0.14	0.93^**	-0.66	0.79	0.75	-0.69	0.87^*	0.99^**	1.00	0.97^**

图3 灌溉对冬小麦叶面积指数(LAI)的影响(平均值±标准误差)。不同的小写字母表示5%水平上差异显著。W1, 拔节期灌溉165 mm; W2, 拔节期灌溉120 mm +抽穗期灌溉105 mm; W3, 拔节期灌溉105 mm +抽穗期灌溉105 mm +灌浆期灌溉105 mm; W4, 拔节期灌溉75 mm +抽穗期灌溉75 mm +灌浆期灌溉75 mm; W5, 拔节期灌溉105 mm +抽穗期灌溉75 mm +灌浆期灌溉45 mm。

Fig. 3 Effects of irrigation on leaf area index (LAI) in winter wheat (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05. W1, irrigation quota of 165 mm at the jointing stage; W2, irrigation quota of 120 mm at the jointing stage and 105 mm at the heading stage; W3, irrigation quota of 105 mm at the jointing, heading and grain filling stages, respectively; W4, irrigation quota of 75 mm at the jointing, heading and grain filling stages, respectively; W5, irrigation quota of 105 mm at the jointing stage, 75 mm at the heading stage and 45 mm at the grain filling stage.

表3 灌溉对冬小麦成熟期地上部干物质积累的影响(平均值±标准误差)

Table 3 Effects of irrigation on aboveground dry matter accumulation in winter wheat at maturity (mean ± SE)

处理 Treatment	籽粒重 GWM (g·plant^-1)	茎鞘 Stem and sheath (g·plant^-1)	叶片 Leaf (g·plant^-1)	穗轴+颖壳 Rachis + glume (g·plant^-1)	地上部干物质 Aboveground dry matter (g·plant^-1)
W1	0.81 ± 0.05^b	0.498 ± 0.02^ab	0.148 ± 0.01^b	0.224 ± 0.02^ab	1.684 ± 0.05^ab
W2	0.86 ± 0.06^ab	0.503 ± 0.02^a	0.199 ± 0.09^ab	0.162 ± 0.03^b	1.721 ± 0.02^ab
W3	0.87 ± 0.02^ab	0.551 ± 0.01^a	0.237 ± 0.09^a	0.270 ± 0.04^a	1.927 ± 0.03^a
W4	0.91 ± 0.01^a	0.514 ± 0.02^a	0.230 ± 0.00^a	0.167 ± 0.03^b	1.820 ± 0.04^a
W5	0.72 ± 0.01^c	0.486 ± 0.03^b	0.224 ± 0.02^a	0.249 ± 0.09^ab	1.675 ± 0.06^b

表4 灌溉对冬小麦干物质转运特性的影响(平均值±标准误差)

Table 4 Effects of irrigation on characteristics of dry matter translocation in winter wheat (mean ± SE)

处理 Treatment	花前干物质 TDMP (g·plant^-1)	花前干物质贡献率 RGWM (%)	花后积累籽粒干物质 GDMPA (g·plant^-1)	花后积累籽粒干物质贡献率 RGDMAP (%)
W1	1.2 ± 0.02^b	40.7 ± 7.12^ab	0.5 ± 0.08^ab	59.3 ± 7.12^bc
W2	1.3 ± 0.06^a	51.3 ± 8.60^a	0.4 ± 0.09^b	48.7 ± 8.60^c
W3	1.3 ± 0.07^a	22.8 ± 8.22^c	0.7 ± 0.07^a	77.2 ± 8.22^a
W4	1.2 ± 0.02^ab	33.8 ± 1.21^bc	0.6 ± 0.02^a	66.2 ± 1.21^ab
W5	1.2 ± 0.02^ab	42.4 ± 7.18^ab	0.4 ± 0.06^b	57.6 ± 7.18^bc

图4 灌溉对冬小麦干物质积累量的影响(平均值±标准误差)。不同的小写字母表示5%水平上差异显著。W1, 拔节期灌溉165 mm; W2, 拔节期灌溉120 mm +抽穗期灌溉105 mm; W3, 拔节期灌溉105 mm +抽穗期灌溉105 mm +灌浆期灌溉105 mm; W4, 拔节期灌溉75 mm +抽穗期灌溉75 mm +灌浆期灌溉75 mm; W5, 拔节期灌溉105 mm +抽穗期灌溉75 mm +灌浆期灌溉45 mm。

Fig. 4 Effects of irrigation on dry matter accumulation in winter wheat (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05. W1, irrigation quota of 165 mm at the jointing stage; W2, irrigation quota of 120 mm at the jointing stage and 105 mm at the heading stage; W3, irrigation quota of 105 mm at the jointing, heading and grain filling stages, respectively; W4, irrigation quota of 75 mm at the jointing, heading and grain filling stages, respectively; W5, irrigation quota of 105 mm at the jointing stage, 75 mm at the heading stage and 45 mm at the grain filling stage.

表5 灌溉对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特征参数的影响(平均值±标准误差)

Table 5 Effects of irrigation on grain filling trait parameters in winter wheat (mean ± SE)

处理 Treatment	W1	W2	W3	W4	W5
T (d)	37.09 ± 2.49^b	37.59 ± 1.19^b	44.12 ± 1.57^a	37.23 ± 2.39^b	33.35 ± 0.63^b
W (g)	5.59 ± 0.21^c	5.70 ± 0.22^bc	6.31 ± 0.01^a	6.14 ± 0.02^ab	5.64 ± 0.22^c
R (g·100 grain^-1·d^-1)	0.15 ± 0.00^b	0.15 ± 0.00^b	0.14 ± 0.00^b	0.17 ± 0.00^a	0.17 ± 0.00^a
TR_max(d)	21.70 ± 0.47^c	22.19 ± 0.24^bc	23.73 ± 0.39^a	23.14 ± 0.55^ab	21.38 ± 0.32^c
R_max(g·100 grain^-1·d^-1)	0.22 ± 0.00^bc	0.22 ± 0.01^bc	0.21 ± 0.00^c	0.23 ± 0.01^ab	0.24 ± 0.01^a
T_e (d)	27.43 ± 1.66^b	27.76 ± 0.58^b	32.00 ± 0.87^a	27.98 ± 1.59^b	25.54 ± 0.32^b
W_e (g)	4.96 ± 0.23^b	5.01 ± 0.05^b	5.58 ± 0.09^a	5.23 ± 0.23^ab	4.98 ± 0.01^b
R_e(d)	0.18 ± 0.00^bc	0.18 ± 0.00^bc	0.17 ± 0.00^c	0.19 ± 0.00^ab	0.19 ± 0.00^a

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