我国东北主要森林类型的凋落物产量及其影响因素

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.008

植物生态学报 ›› 2008, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (5): 1031-1040.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.008

我国东北主要森林类型的凋落物产量及其影响因素

张新平¹, 王襄平¹, 朱彪¹, 宗占江², 彭长辉³, 方精云¹^,^*()

1 北京大学城市与环境学院生态学系、北京大学地表过程与分析模拟教育部重点实验室,北京 100871
2 吉林省长白山科学研究院,吉林安图 133613
3 魁北克大学蒙特利尔分校环境科学研究所,蒙特利尔 H3C 3PB,加拿大

收稿日期:2008-01-25 接受日期:2008-04-15 出版日期:2008-01-25 发布日期:2008-09-30
通讯作者: 方精云
作者简介:*(jyfang@urban.pku.edu.cn)
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(A3前瞻计划);国家自然科学基金(40228001);中国博士后科学基金(20070410021)

LITTER FALL PRODUCTION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN NORTHEAST CHINA’S FORESTS

ZHANG Xin-Ping¹, WANG Xiang-Ping¹, ZHU Biao¹, ZONG Zhan-Jiang², PENG Chang-Hui³, FANG Jing-Yun¹^,^*()

¹Department of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
²Changbai Mountain Academy of Sciences in Jilin Province, Antu, Jilin 133613, China
³Institute of Environment Sciences, Montreal (UQAM), Montreal H3C 3PB, Canada

Received:2008-01-25 Accepted:2008-04-15 Online:2008-01-25 Published:2008-09-30
Contact: FANG Jing-Yun

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在中国东北长白山、帽儿山、凉水、根河的主要森林类型中设置27个样地, 连续3年(2004~2006年)观测森林凋落物的生产量, 以研究我国东北地区森林凋落物产量及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明, 不同森林类型凋落物年产量存在显著差异, 针阔叶混交林显著高于落叶针叶林和常绿针叶林, 落叶针叶林、常绿针叶林、落叶阔叶林和针阔叶混交林的年平均产量分别为2 337、2 472、3 130和4 146 kg·hm^-2; 树叶、枝条、繁殖器官和其它组分占总凋落量的平均比例为71%、22%、6%和1%, 不同森林类型凋落物组分的比例差异较大。森林凋落物产量主要受温度限制, 降水、森林类型和群落结构无显著影响。不同组分凋落物量的影响因素不同: 树叶凋落量主要受温度和森林类型的影响; 枝条凋落量主要受降水和蓄积量的影响; 而繁殖器官凋落量则与树种的繁殖特性以及年降水有关。各组分占总凋落量的比例主要受降水影响, 树叶占凋落物比例随降水增加而下降, 枝条所占比例很小, 表现出与叶相反的变化趋势。

关键词: 凋落物产量, 气候, 森林生态系统, 中国东北地区

Abstract:

Aims Litter fall acts as a connection between plants and soil and is the key in nutrient and energy cycling of forest ecosystems. Northeast (NE) China possesses one of the largest forest carbon stocks in the country; however, large scale litter fall patterns along environmental gradients in this region remain unclear. Our objective was to determine the relationship between litter production and climate indices, forest type and community structure for this region.

Methods Using data from 27 plots across NE China (recorded between 2004 and 2006 in Mt. Changbai, Mt. Mao’er, Liangshui and Genhe), we measured the litter fall for all major forest types in the region and statistically analyzed relationships between litter production and environmental factors.

Important findings Annual litter fall production averaged 2 337, 2 472, 3 130 and 4 146 kg·hm^-2for deciduous needleleaf forest, evergreen needleleaf forest, deciduous broadleaf forest and deciduous broadleaf and needleleaf mixed forest, respectively. Forest types differed greatly in composition of litter components. Mean proportions of leaf, branch and fruit for all forest types were 71%, 22% and 6%, respectively. Annual litter fall production was positively related to mean annual temperature (MAT; r=0.75, p<0.001), but was not significantly related to mean annual precipitation (MAP), forest type or community structure (p>0.05). Different litter fall components were controlled by different factors. Production of leaf litter was influenced by both MAT and forest type, and broadleaf forests showed a significantly higher leaf litter production than needleleaf forests with a similar climate. Branch litter production was mainly controlled by MAP and stand volume, while fruit litter production was affected by both forest type and MAP. Percentages of different litter components were mainly associated with MAP. Percentage of leaf litter was negatively correlated with MAP (r = -0.75, p<0.001), while percentage of branch litter showed a reverse pattern (r=0.68, p<0.001).

Key words: litter production, climate, forest ecosystem, Northeast China

张新平, 王襄平, 朱彪, 宗占江, 彭长辉, 方精云. 我国东北主要森林类型的凋落物产量及其影响因素. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(5): 1031-1040. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.008

ZHANG Xin-Ping, WANG Xiang-Ping, ZHU Biao, ZONG Zhan-Jiang, PENG Chang-Hui, FANG Jing-Yun. LITTER FALL PRODUCTION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN NORTHEAST CHINA’S FORESTS. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(5): 1031-1040. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.008

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图/表 11

参考文献 32

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地点 Site	纬度 Latitude (N)	经度 Longitude (E)	海拔 Altitude (m)	年均温 MAT (℃)	年降水 MAP (mm)	主要群落类型 Main community type	样地数 No. plots
长白山 Mt. Changbai	42°03′~42°24′	128°04′~128°15′	650~1 940	-3.7~2.9	600~1 340	岳桦林、常绿针叶林、针阔叶混交林、落叶针叶林 BE, EN, DNM, DN	14
帽儿山 Mt. Mao’er	45°16′~45°17′	127°34′~127°35′	300~420	1.9~2.5	724	落叶阔叶林、兴安落叶松林DB, LG	7
凉水 Liangshui	47°11′~47°12′	128°53′~128°54′	340~430	0.7~1.1	680	红松林、杨桦林 PK, BP	4
根河 Genhe	50°56′	121°30′~121°31′	810~840	-4.8~-4.6	450~550	兴安落叶松林 LG	2

地点 Site	纬度 Latitude (N)	经度 Longitude (E)	海拔 Altitude (m)	年均温 MAT (℃)	年降水 MAP (mm)	主要群落类型 Main community type	样地数 No. plots
长白山 Mt. Changbai	42°03′~42°24′	128°04′~128°15′	650~1 940	-3.7~2.9	600~1 340	岳桦林、常绿针叶林、针阔叶混交林、落叶针叶林 BE, EN, DNM, DN	14
帽儿山 Mt. Mao’er	45°16′~45°17′	127°34′~127°35′	300~420	1.9~2.5	724	落叶阔叶林、兴安落叶松林DB, LG	7
凉水 Liangshui	47°11′~47°12′	128°53′~128°54′	340~430	0.7~1.1	680	红松林、杨桦林 PK, BP	4
根河 Genhe	50°56′	121°30′~121°31′	810~840	-4.8~-4.6	450~550	兴安落叶松林 LG	2

森林类型 Forest type	群落类型 Community type	主要树种 Major species	样地数量 No. plots	平均胸径 Mean DBH (cm)	平均树高 Mean tree height (m)	蓄积量 Volume (m³)	立木密度 Density (/hm²)
落叶阔叶林 DB	平均值 Mean		9	14.8	12.1	200.4	1 154
	岳桦林 BE	Betula ermanii(88%)	3	14.2	9.2	110.6	1 393
	杨桦林 BP	B. platyphylla(27%) Populus davidiana(20%)	3	14.6	14.5	264.3	1 207
	硬阔叶杂木林 DBM	Quercus mongolica(25%) Tilia amurensis(15%)	3	15.7	12.6	226.2	863
落叶针叶林 DN	平均值 Mean		7	21.6	17.5	305.7	694
	兴安落叶松林 LG	Larix gmelini(94%)	5	16.6	14.6	244.5	820
	长白落叶松林 LO	L. olgensis(74%)	2	34.1	24.7	458.7	380
针阔叶混交林 DNM	平均值 Mean		6	25.5	16.6	573.1	617
	红松林 PK	Pinus koraiensis(40%)	3	28.4	16.7	584.5	487
	红松阔叶林 PKDM	P. koraiensis(29%) T. amurensis(20%)	3	22.5	16.5	561.6	747
常绿针叶林 EN	云冷杉林 PA	Picea jezoensis(38%) Abies nephrolepis (35%)	5	19.3	14.2	518.8	1 352

森林类型 Forest type	群落类型 Community type	主要树种 Major species	样地数量 No. plots	平均胸径 Mean DBH (cm)	平均树高 Mean tree height (m)	蓄积量 Volume (m³)	立木密度 Density (/hm²)
落叶阔叶林 DB	平均值 Mean		9	14.8	12.1	200.4	1 154
	岳桦林 BE	Betula ermanii(88%)	3	14.2	9.2	110.6	1 393
	杨桦林 BP	B. platyphylla(27%) Populus davidiana(20%)	3	14.6	14.5	264.3	1 207
	硬阔叶杂木林 DBM	Quercus mongolica(25%) Tilia amurensis(15%)	3	15.7	12.6	226.2	863
落叶针叶林 DN	平均值 Mean		7	21.6	17.5	305.7	694
	兴安落叶松林 LG	Larix gmelini(94%)	5	16.6	14.6	244.5	820
	长白落叶松林 LO	L. olgensis(74%)	2	34.1	24.7	458.7	380
针阔叶混交林 DNM	平均值 Mean		6	25.5	16.6	573.1	617
	红松林 PK	Pinus koraiensis(40%)	3	28.4	16.7	584.5	487
	红松阔叶林 PKDM	P. koraiensis(29%) T. amurensis(20%)	3	22.5	16.5	561.6	747
常绿针叶林 EN	云冷杉林 PA	Picea jezoensis(38%) Abies nephrolepis (35%)	5	19.3	14.2	518.8	1 352

森林类型 Forest type	群落类型 Community type	凋落物产量 Litter production			平均 Average	标准差 SD	变异系数 CV (%)
森林类型 Forest type	群落类型 Community type	2004	2005	2006	平均 Average	标准差 SD	变异系数 CV (%)
落叶阔叶林 DB	平均值 Mean	3 255	2 868	3 267	3 130^ab	227	7.2
	岳桦林 BE	1 332	2 302	2 293	1 976^A	557	28.2
	杨桦林 BP	3 803	3 377	4 019	3 733^AB	327	8.8
	硬阔叶杂木林 DBM	3 669	2 926	3 488	3 361^AB	387	11.5
落叶针叶林 DN	平均值 Mean	2 803	2 095	2 113	2 337^a	404	17.3
	兴安落叶松 LG	3 018	2 363	2 130	2 504^A	460	18.4
	长白落叶松 LO	2 266	1 560	2 086	1 971^A	367	18.6
针阔叶混交林 DNM	平均值 Mean	4 312	4 066	4 060	4 146^b	144	3.5
	红松林 PK	***	3 207	3 800	3 504^AB	420	12.0
	红松阔叶林 PKDM	4 312	4 925	4 319	4 519^B	352	7.8
常绿针叶林 EN	云冷杉林 PA	3 018	2 110	2 288	2 472^aA	481	19.5

我国东北主要森林类型的凋落物产量及其影响因素

LITTER FALL PRODUCTION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN NORTHEAST CHINA’S FORESTS

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森林类型 Forest type	群落类型 Community type	组分 Component production (%)
森林类型 Forest type	群落类型 Community type	树叶 Leaf	枝条 Branch	繁殖器官 Fruit	其它 Others
落叶阔叶林 DB	平均值 Mean	2 549^b(76)	531^a(18)	122^a(4)	59(2)
	岳桦林 BE	1 545(66)	551(26)	177(7)	19(1)
	杨桦林 BP	3 320(83)	476(12)	152(4)	54(1)
	硬阔叶杂木林 DBM	2 781(80)	565(15)	37(2)	103(3)
落叶针叶林 DN	平均值 Mean	1 428^a(73)	441^a(22)	74^a(4)	33(1)
	兴安落叶松 LG	1 589 (82)	272(15)	38(2)	34(2)
	长白落叶松 LO	1 023(50)	865(41)	165(8)	32(1)
针阔叶混交林 DNM	平均值 Mean	3 033^b(74)	679^a(16)	325^b(8)	83 (2)
	红松林 PK	2 897(76)	444(12)	350(9)	110(3)
	红松阔叶林 PKDM	3 169(72)	913(20)	301(7)	56(1)
常绿针叶林 EN	云冷杉林 PA	1 280^a(54)	764^a(35)	211^ab(9)	33(1)

	凋落物总量 Litter production	组分 Component production			百分比 Percentage
	凋落物总量 Litter production	树叶 Leaf	枝条 Branch	繁殖器官 Fruit	树叶 Leaf	枝条 Branch	繁殖器官 Fruit
气候 Climate
年均温 MAT	0.75***	0.57**	0.06	0.11	0.30	-0.32	-0.15
年降水 MAP	-0.30	-0.44 *	0.48*	0.21	-0.75***	0.68***	0.51**
群落结构特征 Community structure
平均胸径 Da	-0.08	-0.03	0.26	0.49**	-0.31	0.18	0.50**
平均树高 Ha	-0.03	-0.02	0.27	0.22	-0.24	0.19	0.22
立木密度 Density	-0.17	-0.22	0.12	-0.20	-0.25	0.31	-0.05
蓄积量 Volume	0.26	0.14	0.55**	0.65***	-0.39*	0.26	0.55**

变量 Variable	Df	Mean Sq	p	%SS	Df	Mean Sq	p	%SS
	凋落物总量 Litter production				树叶 Leaf
年均温 MAT	1	18 994 353	0.000	56.17	1	8 420 356	0.000	32.55
年降水 MAP	1	12 101	0.883	0.04	1	1 540 973	0.045	5.96
森林类型 Forest type	3	568 994	0.395	5.05	3	2 908 711	0.001	33.73
群落类型 Community type	4	613 267	0.374	7.25	4	303 022	0.471	4.68
蓄积量 Volume	1	2 028 856	0.070	6.00	1	762 445	0.145	2.95
残差 Residuals	16	538 843		25.49	16	325 606		20.14
	枝条 Branch				繁殖器官 Fruit
年均温 MAT	1	10 670	0.631	0.42	1	5 241	0.390	1.20
年降水 MAP	1	758 214	0.001	29.66	1	32 402	0.043	7.41
森林类型 Forest type	3	53 574	0.340	6.29	3	73 215	0.000	50.20
群落类型 Community type	4	103 302	0.101	16.16	4	13 158	0.150	12.03
蓄积量 Volume	1	501 654	0.004	19.62	1	20 203	0.102	4.62
残差 Residuals	16	44 502		27.85	16	6 715		24.55

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