青藏高原东缘61种常见木本植物种子萌发特性及其与生活史的关联

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.01.019

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了评价亚高山地带木本植物种子萌发对策及其与生活史关联, 该文对青藏高原东缘61种常见木本植物的种子萌发特征以及种子萌发与种子大小、扩散方式、海拔及生境的关系进行了调查分析。结果表明: 1) 61种植物的种子萌发率呈现偏斜、双峰分布。6种植物(9.8%)的种子萌发率大于80%, 13种(21.3%)的萌发率在60%~80%之间, 9种(14.8%)的萌发率在40%~60%之间, 8种(13.1%)的萌发率在20%~40%之间, 25种(41%)的萌发率小于20%, 其中8种植物的种子萌发率为零, 显示了该生境中木本植物的种子以休眠、低萌发率或连续稳定的萌发对策占优势, 以避免不利的环境因素。2)种子扩散方式是决定61种木本植物种间萌发率变异(R² = 24.1%, p < 0.001) 和萌发开始时间变异(R ²= 21.3%, p < 0.01) 的主要因素; 种子大小、母体植株的海拔和生境对种子萌发率和萌发开始时间几乎没有影响(p > 0.05); 风扩散的种子比脊椎动物扩散和无助扩散的种子有更高的萌发率(F = 9.219, p < 0.001) 和较早的萌发开始时间(F = 6.772, p < 0.01)。说明植物生活史特征如种子萌发与扩散方式之间存在固有而紧密的联系, 扩散能力强的种子(如风扩散)由于能散布到较远而空旷的生境, 可能避免了各种有害因素或个体竞争, 因而种子以较强的萌发能力进行拓殖; 扩散能力弱的种子(如无助扩散)由于其散布距离较近, 种子以休眠或降低萌发的方式来避免个体或同胞竞争以及各种有害因素, 以获得最大的生态利益并确保物种延续。

关键词: 青藏高原, 木本植物, 种子萌发, 扩散方式, 种子大小

Abstract:

Aims Seed germination is a crucial plant life history stage related to seedling establishment, survival, fitness and life history expression. Our objectives were to determine: 1) seed germination characteristics of common woody species from the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and 2) whether differences in seed germination among species are related to seed size, dispersal mode, and mother plant altitude and habitat.
Methods We surveyed seed germination of 61 species under an alternating temperature regime (20 °C/5 °C; 12 h light/dark). We used one-way ANOVA to determine the effects of seed size, dispersal mode, altitude and habitat on final germination percentage and initial germination time, the least significant difference test (LSD) to survey the extent of differences in final germination percentage and initial germination time among dispersal categories and correlation analysis to determine the relationship between seed size and germination.
Important findings Final germination percentages of the species displayed a skewed bimodal distribution, and this implies that dormancy and low and/or continuous germination are the main germination strategies to escape adverse factors. Variances in final germination percentages and initial germination time among species were largely dependent upon dispersal mode, but a few were influenced by seed size, habitat and altitude. Wind-dispersed seeds had higher mean germination percentage (60.6%) and earlier initial germination time (9 d) than those of vertebrate-dispersed (23.4%, 23 d) and unassisted-dispersal seeds (29.5%, 17 d). Findings indicate intrinsic association between life-history characteristics such as seed germination and dispersal mode.

Key words: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, woody species, seed germination, seed size, dispersal mode

王桔红, 杜国祯, 崔现亮, 郑秀芳, 齐威. 青藏高原东缘61种常见木本植物种子萌发特性及其与生活史的关联. 植物生态学报, 2009, 33(1): 171-179. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.01.019

WANG Ju-Hong, DU Guo-Zhen, CUI Xian-Liang, ZHENG Xiu-Fang, QI Wei. GERMINATION CHARACTERISTICS OF 61 COMMON WOODY SPECIES FROM THE EASTERN QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU OF CHINA AND THEIR LIFE HISTORY CORRELATES. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009, 33(1): 171-179. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.01.019

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.01.019

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2009/V33/I1/171

图/表 4

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物种 Species	种子单粒重 Seed mass ± SE (mg)	萌发率 Germination percentage± SE (% )	萌发开始时间 Initial germination time (d)	扩散方式 Dispersal mode	海拔 Altitude	生境 Habitat
变色锦鸡儿Caragana versicolor	9.107±0.121	93.3±6.5	4	N	II	a
弯耳鬼箭Caragana jubata var. recurva	5.915±0.063	54.7±1	4	N	III	a
鬼箭锦鸡儿Caragana jubata var. jubata	9.177±0.134	18.0±4	5	N	III	b
达乌里胡枝子Lespedeza daurica	1.079±0.059	26.0±1.7	4	N	I	a
牛枝子Lespedeza potaninii	3.051±0.060	8.0±2.2	8	N	I	a
华西箭竹Fargesia qinlingensis	7.633±0.219	58.0±1.7	19	N	II	b
矮箭竹Fargesia demissa	6.247±0.479	24.7±2.8	13	N	I	b
肋果沙棘Hippophae neurocarpa	17.565±0.254	12.7±2.3	7	V	III	a
中国沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides	9.473±0.206	76.0±0.8	6	V	II	b
西藏沙棘Hippophae thibetana	13.474±0.430	26.0±7.1	9	V	III	b
尖叶茶藨子Ribes maximowiczianum	2.489±0.007	0	-	V	I	b
长刺茶藨子Ribes alpestre	3.062±0.145	20.7±2.1	42	V	III	b
冰川茶藨子Ribes glaciale	3.084±0.214	56.7±3.7	22	V	I	b
山梅花Philadelphus incanus	0.066±0.002	94.0±0	7	W	II	b
虎榛子Ostryopsis davidiana	19.871±1.477	64.7±4.14	12	V	I	b
矮桦Betula potaninii	0.254±0.005	2.67±0.74	13	W	II	b
坚桦Betula chinensis	0.896±0.024	87.3±2.07	8	W	III	b
白桦Betula platyphylla	0.222±0.024	2.0±0.8	11	W	II	b
臭椿Ailanthus altissima	18.003±0.328	82.7±3.7	8	W	I	a
光果莸Caryopteris tangutica	0.659±0.024	37.3±2.5	5	W	II	a
粗齿铁线莲Clematis grandidentata	2.418±0.093	67.3±3.4	19	W	I	b
黄花铁线莲Clematis intricate	1.422±0.059	54.0±1.3	9	W	III	a
短尾铁线莲Clematis brevicaudata	1.255±0.028	65.3±2.0	4	W	II	b
紫丁香Syringa oblata	8.759±0.107	58.0±2.2	13	N	I	c
暴马丁香Syringa reticulata	10.226±0.156	67.3±1.6	13	N	I	c
尖叶白蜡树Fraxinus chinensis var. acuminata	9.346±0.216	75.3±2.9	13	W	I	c
青麸杨Rhus potaninii	9.725±0.100	1.3±1.4	58	N	I	c
漆树Toxicodendron vernicifluum	21.519±0.699	10.7±2.9	42	N	I	c
毛山荆子Malus manshurica	5.254±0.139	9.3±3.2	22	V	II	b
陇东海棠Malus kansuensis	6.279±0.316	8.7±2.1	25	V	II	b
四川花楸Sorbus setschwanensis	5.977±0.122	0	-	V	II	b
湖北花楸Sorbus hupehensis	3.629±0.102	0	-	V	I	b
窄叶鲜卑花Sibiraea angustata	0.115±0.016	99.3±3.6	4	W	II	b
高山绣线菊Spiraea alpina	0.302±0.011	12.0±2.2	11	W	III	d
毛叶绣线菊Spiraea mollifolia	0.103±0.001	76.0±2.6	7	W	III	b
南川绣线菊Spiraea rosthornii	0.029±0.006	79.3±2.5	9	W	III	b
小叶蔷薇Rosa willottiae	7.532±0.252	4.7±0.59	42	V	II	b
白毛金露梅Potentilla parvifolia var. hypoleuca	0.657±0.047	81.3±6.3	6	W	II	a
小叶金露梅Potentilla parvifolia	0.325±0.016	42.7±0.29	6	W	II	b
小叶忍冬Lonicera microphylla	2.073±0.069	0.7±0.29	27	V	III	a
红花忍冬Lonicera rupicola var. syringantha	0.734±0.004	2.0±0.8	25	V	II	a
物种 Species	种子单粒重 Seed mass ± SE (mg)	萌发率 Germination percentage± SE (% )	萌发开始时间 Initial germination time (d)	扩散方式 Dispersal mode	海拔 Altitude	生境 Habitat
刚毛忍冬Lonicera hispida	1.895±0.090	0	-	V	II	b
华西忍冬Lonicera webbiana	0.764±0.016	0	-	V	II	b
长叶毛花忍冬Lonicera trichsantha var. xerocalyx	0.724±0.010	1.3±1.4	26	V	II	a
金花忍冬Lonicera chrysantha	3.368±0.047	78.7±2.1	26	V	II	b
岩生忍冬Lonicera rupicola	5.331±0.394	38.7±0.3	21	V	III	b
少毛鸡树条荚蒾Viburnum sargentii var. calvessens	35.009±0.534	0	-	V	I	b
香荚蒾Viburnum farreri	33.968±0.582	0	-	V	I	b
球花荚蒾Viburnum glomeratum	22.119±0.495	0	-	V	II	b
黑桦树Rhamnus maximovicziana	16.527±0.191	43.3±1.5	29	V	I	b
云杉Picea asperata	4.749±0.231	74.0±1.7	9	N	I	c
青海云杉Picea crassifolia	2.855±0.433	51.3±5.1	8	N	III	b
邹脉灰叶南蛇藤Celastyus galucophyllus var. rugosus	9.677±0.264	2.7±0.6	38	N	I	c
锥花小檗Berberis aggregata	2.911±0.033	28.7±2.0	13	V	III	b
匙叶小檗Berberis vernae	4.153±0.109	76.7±5.0	11	V	I	b
甘肃小檗Berberis kansuensis	9.616±0.232	4.7±1.1	17	V	II	b
鲜黄小檗Berberis diaphana	8.659±0.146	75.3±1.6	11	V	III	a
置疑小檗Berberis dubia	8.245±1.256	3.3±0.6	52	V	II	a
松潘小檗Berberis dictyoneura	8.41±0.007	47.3±3.2	24	V	II	b
短柄小檗Berberis brachypoda	7.909±0.07	21.3±1.0	28	V	I	b
山生柳Salix oritrepha	0.143±0.004	70.7±6.8	6	W	III	d

物种 Species	种子单粒重 Seed mass ± SE (mg)	萌发率 Germination percentage± SE (% )	萌发开始时间 Initial germination time (d)	扩散方式 Dispersal mode	海拔 Altitude	生境 Habitat
变色锦鸡儿Caragana versicolor	9.107±0.121	93.3±6.5	4	N	II	a
弯耳鬼箭Caragana jubata var. recurva	5.915±0.063	54.7±1	4	N	III	a
鬼箭锦鸡儿Caragana jubata var. jubata	9.177±0.134	18.0±4	5	N	III	b
达乌里胡枝子Lespedeza daurica	1.079±0.059	26.0±1.7	4	N	I	a
牛枝子Lespedeza potaninii	3.051±0.060	8.0±2.2	8	N	I	a
华西箭竹Fargesia qinlingensis	7.633±0.219	58.0±1.7	19	N	II	b
矮箭竹Fargesia demissa	6.247±0.479	24.7±2.8	13	N	I	b
肋果沙棘Hippophae neurocarpa	17.565±0.254	12.7±2.3	7	V	III	a
中国沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides	9.473±0.206	76.0±0.8	6	V	II	b
西藏沙棘Hippophae thibetana	13.474±0.430	26.0±7.1	9	V	III	b
尖叶茶藨子Ribes maximowiczianum	2.489±0.007	0	-	V	I	b
长刺茶藨子Ribes alpestre	3.062±0.145	20.7±2.1	42	V	III	b
冰川茶藨子Ribes glaciale	3.084±0.214	56.7±3.7	22	V	I	b
山梅花Philadelphus incanus	0.066±0.002	94.0±0	7	W	II	b
虎榛子Ostryopsis davidiana	19.871±1.477	64.7±4.14	12	V	I	b
矮桦Betula potaninii	0.254±0.005	2.67±0.74	13	W	II	b
坚桦Betula chinensis	0.896±0.024	87.3±2.07	8	W	III	b
白桦Betula platyphylla	0.222±0.024	2.0±0.8	11	W	II	b
臭椿Ailanthus altissima	18.003±0.328	82.7±3.7	8	W	I	a
光果莸Caryopteris tangutica	0.659±0.024	37.3±2.5	5	W	II	a
粗齿铁线莲Clematis grandidentata	2.418±0.093	67.3±3.4	19	W	I	b
黄花铁线莲Clematis intricate	1.422±0.059	54.0±1.3	9	W	III	a
短尾铁线莲Clematis brevicaudata	1.255±0.028	65.3±2.0	4	W	II	b
紫丁香Syringa oblata	8.759±0.107	58.0±2.2	13	N	I	c
暴马丁香Syringa reticulata	10.226±0.156	67.3±1.6	13	N	I	c
尖叶白蜡树Fraxinus chinensis var. acuminata	9.346±0.216	75.3±2.9	13	W	I	c
青麸杨Rhus potaninii	9.725±0.100	1.3±1.4	58	N	I	c
漆树Toxicodendron vernicifluum	21.519±0.699	10.7±2.9	42	N	I	c
毛山荆子Malus manshurica	5.254±0.139	9.3±3.2	22	V	II	b
陇东海棠Malus kansuensis	6.279±0.316	8.7±2.1	25	V	II	b
四川花楸Sorbus setschwanensis	5.977±0.122	0	-	V	II	b
湖北花楸Sorbus hupehensis	3.629±0.102	0	-	V	I	b
窄叶鲜卑花Sibiraea angustata	0.115±0.016	99.3±3.6	4	W	II	b
高山绣线菊Spiraea alpina	0.302±0.011	12.0±2.2	11	W	III	d
毛叶绣线菊Spiraea mollifolia	0.103±0.001	76.0±2.6	7	W	III	b
南川绣线菊Spiraea rosthornii	0.029±0.006	79.3±2.5	9	W	III	b
小叶蔷薇Rosa willottiae	7.532±0.252	4.7±0.59	42	V	II	b
白毛金露梅Potentilla parvifolia var. hypoleuca	0.657±0.047	81.3±6.3	6	W	II	a
小叶金露梅Potentilla parvifolia	0.325±0.016	42.7±0.29	6	W	II	b
小叶忍冬Lonicera microphylla	2.073±0.069	0.7±0.29	27	V	III	a
红花忍冬Lonicera rupicola var. syringantha	0.734±0.004	2.0±0.8	25	V	II	a
物种 Species	种子单粒重 Seed mass ± SE (mg)	萌发率 Germination percentage± SE (% )	萌发开始时间 Initial germination time (d)	扩散方式 Dispersal mode	海拔 Altitude	生境 Habitat
刚毛忍冬Lonicera hispida	1.895±0.090	0	-	V	II	b
华西忍冬Lonicera webbiana	0.764±0.016	0	-	V	II	b
长叶毛花忍冬Lonicera trichsantha var. xerocalyx	0.724±0.010	1.3±1.4	26	V	II	a
金花忍冬Lonicera chrysantha	3.368±0.047	78.7±2.1	26	V	II	b
岩生忍冬Lonicera rupicola	5.331±0.394	38.7±0.3	21	V	III	b
少毛鸡树条荚蒾Viburnum sargentii var. calvessens	35.009±0.534	0	-	V	I	b
香荚蒾Viburnum farreri	33.968±0.582	0	-	V	I	b
球花荚蒾Viburnum glomeratum	22.119±0.495	0	-	V	II	b
黑桦树Rhamnus maximovicziana	16.527±0.191	43.3±1.5	29	V	I	b
云杉Picea asperata	4.749±0.231	74.0±1.7	9	N	I	c
青海云杉Picea crassifolia	2.855±0.433	51.3±5.1	8	N	III	b
邹脉灰叶南蛇藤Celastyus galucophyllus var. rugosus	9.677±0.264	2.7±0.6	38	N	I	c
锥花小檗Berberis aggregata	2.911±0.033	28.7±2.0	13	V	III	b
匙叶小檗Berberis vernae	4.153±0.109	76.7±5.0	11	V	I	b
甘肃小檗Berberis kansuensis	9.616±0.232	4.7±1.1	17	V	II	b
鲜黄小檗Berberis diaphana	8.659±0.146	75.3±1.6	11	V	III	a
置疑小檗Berberis dubia	8.245±1.256	3.3±0.6	52	V	II	a
松潘小檗Berberis dictyoneura	8.41±0.007	47.3±3.2	24	V	II	b
短柄小檗Berberis brachypoda	7.909±0.07	21.3±1.0	28	V	I	b
山生柳Salix oritrepha	0.143±0.004	70.7±6.8	6	W	III	d

变量来源 Source of variation	萌发率 Germination (%)				萌发开始时间 Initial germination time (d)
变量来源 Source of variation	df	F	Sig.	R²	F	Sig.	R²
种子大小 Seed mass	3	0.784	ns	0.040	2.340	ns	0.125
扩散方式 Dispersal mode	2	9.219	***	0.241	6.772	**	0.213
海拔 Altitude	2	0.269	ns	0.009	1.514	ns	0.057
生境 Habitat	3	0.034	ns	0.002	1.968	ns	0.108

变量来源 Source of variation	萌发率 Germination (%)				萌发开始时间 Initial germination time (d)
变量来源 Source of variation	df	F	Sig.	R²	F	Sig.	R²
种子大小 Seed mass	3	0.784	ns	0.040	2.340	ns	0.125
扩散方式 Dispersal mode	2	9.219	***	0.241	6.772	**	0.213
海拔 Altitude	2	0.269	ns	0.009	1.514	ns	0.057
生境 Habitat	3	0.034	ns	0.002	1.968	ns	0.108