基于DEM的黄河中游植被恢复对年均径流量影响的估计

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.06.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植被恢复及其对年均径流量影响的空间格局对黄土高原生态环境建设及水资源管理具有重要指导作用。在分析植被适宜性分布规律的基础上, 基于黄河中游河口-龙门区间100 m 地形高程模型(DEM)和专家经验进行了区域植被适宜性制图, 并基于参数率定后的多年平均蒸散量计算公式和水平衡模型, 估算了不同植树造林情景下年均径流量的变化。结果表明, 河龙区间符合植被带分布规律的适宜区植树面积为6.6×10³ km², 次适宜区植树面积为4.8×10³ km², 分别占研究区总面积的5.8%和4.3%。土地覆被现状条件下区域产水约为33.8 mm (38.07×10⁸m³)。适宜区植树后, 区域产水减少量约为1.9 mm (2.12×10⁸m³), 减少5.6%。适宜区和次适宜区均植树后, 区域产水减少量约为3.1 mm (3.49×10⁸m³), 减少9.2%。空间分布格局表明, 区域局部减水最大达到48 mm。受气候条件影响, 东南部高降雨量地区的流域适宜植树面积达45.1%, 相应减水比例达36.0%。西北部低降雨量地区的流域植树面积约为0.7%, 相应的减水比例为0.4%。

关键词: 植树造林, 制图, DEM, 模拟, 年均径流量, 黄河中游

Abstract:

Aims Vegetation is the fundamental measure to control erosion in the Loess Plateau. It is believed that forests use more water than grasslands and hence reduce average annual streamflow; however, the spatial distribution of vegetation restoration and its impacts on annual streamflow, especially on the regional scale, are poorly known. Our objectives were to map the vegetation suitability in the Hekou-Longmen (Short with He-Long) region of the middle reaches of Yellow River and assess the impact of afforestation on streamflow based on two plantation scenarios.
Methods We assumed 1) the combined effects of bio-climatic zones on regional scale and local landform determined vegetation suitability, 2) higher precipitation is more suitable for plantations and 3) the extent of soil moisture availability defined by three local factors (slope, aspect and slope profile) depends on precipitation. We defined high, moderate and low vegetation suitability classes and developed a vegetation suitability map for the region using 100 m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and the above assumptions. Plantation scenario 1 was developed using only the highly suitable area, and scenario 2 comprised both the highly and moderately suitable areas. The locally calibrated average annual water balance model of Zhang et al. (2001) was used to assess the impacts of afforestation on annual streamflow in the study area.
Important findings The highly suitable area for plantation covers 6.6×10³km², and the moderately suitable area covers 4.9×10³km², representing 5.8% and 4.3% of the total area, respectively. The plantation area made up 0-45% of individual catchments. The area suitable for plantation became increasingly patchy and sparse from south to north. Under current land cover status, average annual streamflow in the region was estimated to be 3.81×10⁹m³ or 33.8 mm. Under scenario 1, average annual streamflow would be reduced by 2.12×10⁹m³ or 1.9 mm (5.5%). Under scenario 2, the modeled streamflow reduction is 3.49×10⁹m³ or 3.1 mm (9.2%). Corresponding to the spatial distribution of plantation, the reduction in streamflow is spatially variable. The rate of streamflow reduction varies from 0 to 36%. Minimum reduction occurred in the northwestern part of the region, where there is little area suitable for plantation development. Maximum reduction of 36% occurred in the southeastern part of the region where precipitation is highest.

Key words: plantation, mapping, DEM, modelling, annual streamflow, the middle reaches of Yellow River

张晓萍, 张橹, 李锐, 杨勤科. 基于DEM的黄河中游植被恢复对年均径流量影响的估计. 植物生态学报, 2009, 33(6): 1056-1064. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.06.005

ZHANG Xiao-Ping, ZHANG Lu, LI Rui, YANG Qin-Ke. DEM-BASED MODELING OF THE IMPACT OF VEGETATION RESTORATION ON ANNUAL STREAMFLOW IN THE LOESS PLATEAU OF CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009, 33(6): 1056-1064. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.06.005

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.06.005

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2009/V33/I6/1056

图/表 6

图1 河龙区间生物植被带划分(王义凤, 1991) 背景为研究区100 m DEM, 高程311~2 816 m

Fig. 1 Division of bio-climate zone for the He- Long region (Wang, 1991) The background is 100 m DEM with elevation from 311 to 2 816 m

表1 坡向、坡度和坡型级别划分

Table 1 Classes of aspect, slope and slope profile

坡向及方位角(°)*范围 Aspect and its ranging	坡度 Slope (°)		坡型 Slope profile
坡向及方位角(°)*范围 Aspect and its ranging	地面实际坡度 The actual ground slope	100 m DEM生成坡度** Slope generated from 100 m DEM	坡型 Slope profile
东北向Northeast: 23~67	25	6.99	凸型坡 Convex slope (DEM单元格曲率≥0 The curvature of grid equal or greater than 0) 凹型坡 Concave slope (DEM单元格曲率<0 The curvature of grid less than 0)
北向坡North: 338~360; 0~22	28	11.5
西北向Northwest: 293~337	30	13.5
东向East: 68~112	32	15.5
西向West: 248~292	35	18.2
东南向Southeast: 113~157	38	20.5
南向South: 158~202	40	21.5
西南向Southwest: 203~247	45	23.0

图2 基于DEM 和专家经验的植被适宜性制图流程

Fig. 2 Flowchart of vegetation suitability mapping based on the 100 m DEM and vegetation distribution concepts

图3 未来植树造林的情景模拟及产水减少分布格局 a: 情景模拟1——适宜区Scenario1―plantation in high suitable area b: 情景模拟2——适宜和次适宜区Scenario 2―plantation in high and moderate suitable area c: 情景模拟1中产水减少分布Water reduction estimation for scenario 1 d: 情景模拟2中产水减少分布Water reduction estimation for scenario 2

Fig. 3 Two plantation scenarios in the region and the water reduction spatial distribution

表2 流域下垫面优化参数值的选用规则

Table 2 The using criteria of parameter w in the catchments

w	η
1.61	0.8 ≤ γ
0.45	0.25≤γ < 0.8
0.1	γ < 0.25

图4 利用现状和情景模拟1下估算产流流程 P: 降雨量Precipitation E0: 蒸发力The potential evaportranspiration w: 相应河龙区间不同土地覆盖特征的下垫面参数The parameter corresponding to the different land covers in He-Long region γ: 100 m DEM每个栅格单元相应的下垫面参数The calculated parameter value in corresponds with individual pixel with 100 m DEM in this paper

Fig. 4 Flowchart of streamflow generation under the current land use and scenario 1

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