宁夏六盘山半湿润区华北落叶松林冠层叶面积指数的时空变化及坡面尺度效应

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2016.0288

植物生态学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (7): 749-760.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0288

宁夏六盘山半湿润区华北落叶松林冠层叶面积指数的时空变化及坡面尺度效应

刘泽彬¹, 王彦辉^1,^*(), 刘宇², 田奥¹, 王亚蕊¹, 左海军¹

¹中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所, 国家林业局森林生态环境重点实验室, 北京 100091
²北京林业大学水土保持学院, 北京 100083

收稿日期:2016-09-13 接受日期:2017-02-28 出版日期:2017-07-10 发布日期:2017-08-21
通讯作者: 王彦辉
作者简介:* 通信作者Author for correspondence (E-mail:wangyh@caf.ac.cn)
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0501603)、国家自然科学基金(41390461、41230852和41471029)和科技部科技基础性工作专项(2014FY120700)

Spatiotemporal variation and scale effect of canopy leaf area index of larch plantation on a slope of the semi-humid Liupan Mountains, Ningxia, China

Ze-Bin LIU¹, Yan-Hui WANG^1,^*(), Yu LIU², Ao TIAN¹, Ya-Rui WANG¹, Hai-Jun ZUO¹

¹Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100091, China
and
²College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

Received:2016-09-13 Accepted:2017-02-28 Online:2017-07-10 Published:2017-08-21
Contact: Yan-Hui WANG
About author:KANG Jing-yao(1991-), E-mail: kangjingyao_nj@163.com。

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

受立地环境条件的坡位差异影响, 叶面积指数(LAI)在坡面这个基本空间单元内往往具有很大空间(坡位、坡长)和时间(季节)变化, 因而存在着坡面空间尺度效应及其季节变化, 需对此加以深入研究、准确理解和精细刻画, 从而为准确描述森林的结构、生长和生态水文功能提供科学基础。在六盘山香水河小流域选取了一个34年生华北落叶松(Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii)人工林典型坡面, 均匀划分为空间连续的16个样地, 于2015年5-10月测定了各样地林冠层LAI, 分析其坡位变化及季节差异, 并以LAI的顺坡滑动平均值在水平坡长增加100 m时的变化值(LAI/100 m)表示坡面尺度效应。研究表明, 林冠层LAI具有明显的坡位变化和尺度效应, 且月份变化明显。在5月份, LAI随离坡顶距离增加(坡位下降)而逐渐减小, 坡面尺度效应是降低0.02/100 m。在6、7和8月份, LAI均从坡顶向下逐渐增大, 在坡中部达最大后又逐渐减小, 坡面尺度效应在离开坡顶的0-244.2 m和244.2-425.1 m范围内分别为升高0.15/100 m、0.16/100 m、0.18/100 m及降低0.09/100 m、0.08/100 m、0.07/100 m; 在9和10月份, LAI均为随离坡顶距离增加而逐渐增大, 坡面尺度效应分别为升高0.03/100 m和0.09/100 m。主要影响因素的季节变化导致了上述冠层LAI的坡位差异和尺度效应的季节变化。在5月份, 主导因素是地形遮挡引起的辐射和温度的坡位差异; 在6-8月份, 主导因素是土壤含水量限制; 在9-10月份, 地形条件(海拔(坡位)、坡度)、气象条件、土壤含水量及土壤水文性质(孔隙度、持水量)等因子共同影响林冠层LAI坡位变化。对生长季各月, 拟合了不同坡位样地林冠层LAI与坡面均值的比值随水平坡长增加的非线性关系, 可藉此由任意坡位样地的LAI测定值估算坡面均值, 以节省野外测定时间和工作量。

关键词: 华北落叶松林, 叶面积指数, 坡面差异, 季节变化, 尺度效应

Abstract:

Aims Leaf area index (LAI) is an important canopy structure parameter characterizing ecological and hydrological processes, such as forest growth, canopy interception and transpiration. Forest LAI is limited by both light and soil water availability, thus may vary with slope position and seasonality. This study is aimed at the spatiotemporal variation of LAI and its relationship with environmental variables. Methods A 34-years-old Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii planted forest situated on a typical slope located in a small watershed of Xiangshuihe within Liupan Mountains was selected for LAI observations. Sixteen plots along a 30 m wide transect along the slope was surveyed from May to October of 2015 to measure the monthly canopy LAI. Important findings It showed there was a remarkable difference of LAI among slope positions. The LAI in May decreased toward downslope direction with a scale effect of -0.02/100 m. Whereas for the period from June to August, LAI showed a nonlinear variation along slope positions: increasing from to top slope downward, reaching its maximum at the middle slope, and then decreasing to the slope foot. The scale effect of LAI was +0.15/100, +0.16/100, and +0.18/100 m in the slope range (downward positive) of 0-244.2 m, but -0.09/100, -0.08/100, and -0.07/100 m in the slope range of 244.2-425.1 m for June, July and August, respectively. The LAI increased toward downslope in September and October, with a slope scale effect of +0.03/100 m and +0.09/100 m, respectively. The seasonal variation of LAI-slope relationship showed a shift from the light and temperature control in the early growing season, to the soil water resources control in the mid growing season, and then to an integrated control of many factors in the late growing season. In the early growing season when soil moisture and nutrients were abundant, terrain shading limited the leaf growth in middle and downslope. From early to the mid growing season, the soil moisture on the slope was quickly depleted due to fast evapotranspiration and poor moisture retention of the coarse soil. On the other hand, average solar height increased, and allowed direct light radiation to penetrate to the middle then downslope. The result is that the leaf growth in the middle slope was the strongest in the mid growing season. During the late growing season, the temperature decreased fast in the mountain top to incur earlier leaf fall than the mountain foot. Thus the LAI exhibited the increasing trend toward the downslope.

Key words: Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii plantation, leaf area index (LAI), slope difference, seasonal variation, scale effect

刘泽彬, 王彦辉, 刘宇, 田奥, 王亚蕊, 左海军. 宁夏六盘山半湿润区华北落叶松林冠层叶面积指数的时空变化及坡面尺度效应. 植物生态学报, 2017, 41(7): 749-760. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0288

Ze-Bin LIU, Yan-Hui WANG, Yu LIU, Ao TIAN, Ya-Rui WANG, Hai-Jun ZUO. Spatiotemporal variation and scale effect of canopy leaf area index of larch plantation on a slope of the semi-humid Liupan Mountains, Ningxia, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2017, 41(7): 749-760. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0288

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2016.0288

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2017/V41/I7/749

图/表 12

参考文献 26

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样地 Plot	海拔 Elevation (m)	坡度 Slope degree (°)	水平坡长 Horizontal length (m)	坡位 Slope position	林分密度 Stand density (ind.·hm^-2)	林冠郁闭度 Canopy density	平均胸径 Mean diameter at breast height (cm)	平均树高 Mean tree height (m)	枝下高 Clear length (m)	冠幅直径 Canopy diameter (m)	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (t•hm^-2)
1	2β471.4	26.3	26.9	坡上 Upper	942	0.73	20.25 ± 3.46	16.71 ± 1.71	5.53 ± 1.03	3.22 ± 0.60	108.59
2	2β458.1	27.2	26.7	坡上 Upper	749	0.74	21.04 ± 3.91	17.04 ± 2.12	5.77 ± 1.06	3.58 ± 0.58	105.55
3	2β444.4	24.4	27.3	坡上 Upper	854	0.72	20.34 ± 4.22	17.04 ± 2.14	5.83 ± 0.94	4.31 ± 0.93	112.55
4	2β432.0	25.3	27.1	中上 Upper-middle	870	0.73	20.01 ± 5.00	17.40 ± 2.73	5.93 ± 0.90	4.07 ± 0.86	116.60
5	2β421.3	22.5	27.7	中上 Upper-middle	746	0.75	19.94 ± 3.65	17.54 ± 2.05	6.22 ± 0.95	3.22 ± 0.58	111.88
6	2β409.8	24.5	27.3	中上 Upper-middle	831	0.68	18.46 ± 5.60	15.72 ± 3.13	5.44 ± 1.19	3.53 ± 1.09	91.32
7	2β397.4	22.0	27.8	坡中 Middle	719	0.81	21.03 ± 4.56	17.94 ± 2.25	6.43 ± 1.24	3.41 ± 0.98	118.19
8	2β386.1	26.8	26.8	坡中 Middle	933	0.79	20.28 ± 5.65	17.12 ± 2.77	6.18 ± 1.30	3.37 ± 1.10	127.51
9	2β372.6	27.7	26.6	坡中 Middle	815	0.73	19.78 ± 4.70	17.87 ± 2.50	6.46 ± 1.13	3.29 ± 0.90	108.54
10	2β358.7	20.1	28.2	中下 Lower-middle	674	0.67	20.83 ± 4.64	18.24 ± 2.27	5.82 ± 0.88	3.76 ± 1.01	99.21
11	2β348.4	17.9	28.6	中下 Lower-middle	572	0.65	20.62 ± 4.68	17.75 ± 2.91	5.88 ± 1.10	3.46 ± 0.78	88.44
12	2β339.2	30.0	26.0	中下 Lower-middle	770	0.70	19.69 ± 5.68	17.04 ± 3.54	5.52 ± 1.03	3.23 ± 0.92	101.87
13	2β324.2	30.4	25.9	坡下 Lower	786	0.74	19.93 ± 5.08	18.07 ± 2.53	5.77 ± 1.11	2.81 ± 0.83	108.20
14	2β309.0	37.4	23.8	坡下 Lower	1β035	0.75	18.07 ± 5.08	16.57 ± 2.98	5.85 ± 1.25	2.93 ± 0.80	111.96
15	2β290.8	37.3	23.9	坡下 Lower	955	0.70	18.36 ± 5.43	15.97 ± 3.03	5.32 ± 0.95	3.38 ± 1.03	104.81
16	2β275.6	34.9	24.6	坡脚 Bottom	907	0.72	18.72 ± 4.06	16.19 ± 2.35	6.06 ± 0.93	3.33 ± 0.77	98.67

样地 Plot	海拔 Elevation (m)	坡度 Slope degree (°)	水平坡长 Horizontal length (m)	坡位 Slope position	林分密度 Stand density (ind.·hm^-2)	林冠郁闭度 Canopy density	平均胸径 Mean diameter at breast height (cm)	平均树高 Mean tree height (m)	枝下高 Clear length (m)	冠幅直径 Canopy diameter (m)	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (t•hm^-2)
1	2β471.4	26.3	26.9	坡上 Upper	942	0.73	20.25 ± 3.46	16.71 ± 1.71	5.53 ± 1.03	3.22 ± 0.60	108.59
2	2β458.1	27.2	26.7	坡上 Upper	749	0.74	21.04 ± 3.91	17.04 ± 2.12	5.77 ± 1.06	3.58 ± 0.58	105.55
3	2β444.4	24.4	27.3	坡上 Upper	854	0.72	20.34 ± 4.22	17.04 ± 2.14	5.83 ± 0.94	4.31 ± 0.93	112.55
4	2β432.0	25.3	27.1	中上 Upper-middle	870	0.73	20.01 ± 5.00	17.40 ± 2.73	5.93 ± 0.90	4.07 ± 0.86	116.60
5	2β421.3	22.5	27.7	中上 Upper-middle	746	0.75	19.94 ± 3.65	17.54 ± 2.05	6.22 ± 0.95	3.22 ± 0.58	111.88
6	2β409.8	24.5	27.3	中上 Upper-middle	831	0.68	18.46 ± 5.60	15.72 ± 3.13	5.44 ± 1.19	3.53 ± 1.09	91.32
7	2β397.4	22.0	27.8	坡中 Middle	719	0.81	21.03 ± 4.56	17.94 ± 2.25	6.43 ± 1.24	3.41 ± 0.98	118.19
8	2β386.1	26.8	26.8	坡中 Middle	933	0.79	20.28 ± 5.65	17.12 ± 2.77	6.18 ± 1.30	3.37 ± 1.10	127.51
9	2β372.6	27.7	26.6	坡中 Middle	815	0.73	19.78 ± 4.70	17.87 ± 2.50	6.46 ± 1.13	3.29 ± 0.90	108.54
10	2β358.7	20.1	28.2	中下 Lower-middle	674	0.67	20.83 ± 4.64	18.24 ± 2.27	5.82 ± 0.88	3.76 ± 1.01	99.21
11	2β348.4	17.9	28.6	中下 Lower-middle	572	0.65	20.62 ± 4.68	17.75 ± 2.91	5.88 ± 1.10	3.46 ± 0.78	88.44
12	2β339.2	30.0	26.0	中下 Lower-middle	770	0.70	19.69 ± 5.68	17.04 ± 3.54	5.52 ± 1.03	3.23 ± 0.92	101.87
13	2β324.2	30.4	25.9	坡下 Lower	786	0.74	19.93 ± 5.08	18.07 ± 2.53	5.77 ± 1.11	2.81 ± 0.83	108.20
14	2β309.0	37.4	23.8	坡下 Lower	1β035	0.75	18.07 ± 5.08	16.57 ± 2.98	5.85 ± 1.25	2.93 ± 0.80	111.96
15	2β290.8	37.3	23.9	坡下 Lower	955	0.70	18.36 ± 5.43	15.97 ± 3.03	5.32 ± 0.95	3.38 ± 1.03	104.81
16	2β275.6	34.9	24.6	坡脚 Bottom	907	0.72	18.72 ± 4.06	16.19 ± 2.35	6.06 ± 0.93	3.33 ± 0.77	98.67

月份 Month	拟合方程 Fitted equation	R²	p
5	y = -6 × 10^-9x³ + 3 × 10^-6x² - 0.0005x + 1.0530	0.609	0.008
6	y = 3 × 10^-10x³ - 4 × 10^-6x² + 0.0015x + 0.9213	0.432	0.071
7	y = 1 × 10^-8x³ - 1 × 10^-5x² + 0.0027x + 0.8716	0.421	0.078
8	y = 1 × 10^-8x³ - 1 × 10^-5x² + 0.0026x + 0.8722	0.401	0.094
9	y = -1 × 10^-9x³ + 6 × 10^-7x² + 0.0001x + 0.9607	0.452	0.058
10	y = -1 × 10^-8x³ + 7 × 10^-6x² + 0.0009x + 0.5828	0.800	< 0.001

月份 Month	拟合方程 Fitted equation	R²	p
5	y = -6 × 10^-9x³ + 3 × 10^-6x² - 0.0005x + 1.0530	0.609	0.008
6	y = 3 × 10^-10x³ - 4 × 10^-6x² + 0.0015x + 0.9213	0.432	0.071
7	y = 1 × 10^-8x³ - 1 × 10^-5x² + 0.0027x + 0.8716	0.421	0.078
8	y = 1 × 10^-8x³ - 1 × 10^-5x² + 0.0026x + 0.8722	0.401	0.094
9	y = -1 × 10^-9x³ + 6 × 10^-7x² + 0.0001x + 0.9607	0.452	0.058
10	y = -1 × 10^-8x³ + 7 × 10^-6x² + 0.0009x + 0.5828	0.800	< 0.001

月份 Month	拟合方程 Fitted equation	R²	p
5	y = -1 × 10^-9x³+ 4 × 10^-8x²- 5 × 10^-5x + 2.9057	0.825	< 0.001
6	y = 1 × 10^-9x³ - 5 × 10^-6x² + 0.0025x + 3.2363	0.872	< 0.001
7	y = 6 × 10^-9x³ - 9 × 10^-6x² + 0.0034x + 3.3118	0.915	< 0.001
8	y = 1 × 10^-8x³ - 1 × 10^-5x² + 0.0042x + 3.2982	0.932	< 0.001
9	y = 2 × 10^-9x³ - 1 × 10^-6x² + 0.0005x + 2.7492	0.938	< 0.001
10	y = -7 × 10^-9x³ + 5 × 10^-6x² - 9 × 10^-5x + 0.6438	0.988	< 0.001

宁夏六盘山半湿润区华北落叶松林冠层叶面积指数的时空变化及坡面尺度效应

Spatiotemporal variation and scale effect of canopy leaf area index of larch plantation on a slope of the semi-humid Liupan Mountains, Ningxia, China

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月份 Month	胸径 Diameter at breast height	树高 Tree height	密度 Stand density	海拔 Elevation	坡度 Slope degree	气温 Air temperature	辐射强度 Radiant intensity	风速 Wind speed	土壤水分 Soil moisture	容重 Bulk density	持水能力 Water holding capacity	总孔隙度 Porosity
5	0.480	0.341	0.037	0.692^**	-0.365	0.692^**	0.692^**	0.692^**	0.457	-0.133	0.344	0.323
6	0.234	0.296	0.109	0.366	-0.163	-0.366	0.366	0.366	0.530^*	-0.078	0.237	0.247
7	0.280	0.326	0.097	0.326	-0.177	-0.326	0.326	0.326	0.629^**	-0.177	0.259	0.295
8	0.299	0.379	0.048	0.284	-0.157	-0.284	0.284	0.284	0.527^*	-0.178	0.226	0.259
9	-0.325	0.069	0.356	-0.668^**	0.622^*	0.668^**	-0.668^*	-0.668^*	-0.093	0.378	-0.601^*	-0.611^*
10	-0.495	0.009	0.290	-0.892^**	0.641^**	0.892^**	-0.892^**	-0.892^**	-0.644^**	0.483	-0.682^**	-0.669^**

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样地 Plot	海拔 Elevation (m)	土壤温度 Soil temperature (℃)	饱和持水量 Water holding capacity (%)	总孔隙度 Porosity (%)
1	2 471.4	8.3	65.8	59.0
9	2 372.6	8.5	66.1	58.9
16	2 275.6	9.3	61.3	56.3

样地 Plot	海拔 Elevation (m)	土壤温度 Soil temperature (℃)	饱和持水量 Water holding capacity (%)	总孔隙度 Porosity (%)
1	2 471.4	8.3	65.8	59.0
9	2 372.6	8.5	66.1	58.9
16	2 275.6	9.3	61.3	56.3