散射辐射对中国东部典型人工林总初级生产力的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2021.0416

植物生态学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (8): 904-918.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0416

所属专题：全球变化与生态系统；光合作用；生态系统碳水能量通量

散射辐射对中国东部典型人工林总初级生产力的影响

刘沛荣¹, 同小娟¹^,^*(), 孟平², 张劲松², 张静茹¹, 于裴洋¹, 周宇²

¹北京林业大学生态与自然保护学院, 北京 100083
²中国林业科学研究院林业研究所国家林业局林木培育重点实验室, 北京 100091

收稿日期:2021-11-16 接受日期:2022-02-19 出版日期:2022-08-20 发布日期:2022-04-28
通讯作者: 同小娟
作者简介:*(tongxj@bjfu.edu.cn)
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31872703);国家自然科学基金(31570617);国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0608101)

Effect of diffuse radiation on gross primary productivity of typical planted forests in eastern China

LIU Pei-Rong¹, TONG Xiao-Juan¹^,^*(), MENG Ping², ZHANG Jin-Song², ZHANG Jing-Ru¹, YU Pei-Yang¹, ZHOU Yu²

¹School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
²Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China

Received:2021-11-16 Accepted:2022-02-19 Online:2022-08-20 Published:2022-04-28
Contact: TONG Xiao-Juan
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872703);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570617);National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0608101)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

散射辐射是影响森林碳吸收的重要因子。然而, 有关生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)对散射辐射响应机理的理解仍有限。该研究利用中国东部6个人工林生态系统2019-2020年观测的碳通量数据和气象数据, 估算了散射辐射, 区分了直接辐射和散射辐射条件; 基于直角双曲线方程获取了不同辐射条件下生态系统光响应参数; 量化了GPP对散射辐射和直接辐射变化的响应; 采用偏相关方法分析了光照和环境因子对GPP日变化的贡献, 旨在探究生长季散射辐射对人工林生态系统GPP的影响机理。研究表明: 散射辐射增加可以有效促进冠层光合作用, 初始量子效率(α)和光合有效辐射(PAR)为1 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时的GPP (P₁₀₀₀)分别提高了47%-150%和2%-65%。与直接辐射条件相比, 散射辐射条件下的PAR每增加1 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, GPP增加0.86%-1.70%, 森林植被类型和站点物候变化会影响这一过程, 具有较低归一化植被指数(NDVI)的樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)和油松(Pinus tabuliformis)人工林GPP随单位PAR增加的变化量的增量(0.86%-1.00%)明显低于其他人工林站点的增量(1.04%-1.70%), 且植被NDVI与P₁₀₀₀存在显著正相关关系。在低光照时, PAR控制生态系统平均总初级生产力(GPP_a)的变化; 在中等至高光照时, 散射辐射比例(DF)是影响GPP_a的主要因子。在中等光照时, 散射辐射对应的光合作用接近于高光照时太阳辐射对应的光合作用, 且杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、杨树(Populus spp.)、栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)和华北落叶松(Larix gmelinii)在中高DF (≥0.5)时的GPP_a比低DF (<0.5)高出27%-50%, 油松和樟子松在中高DF时的GPP_a比低DF约高出2%。散射辐射条件下, 散射光合有效辐射(PAR_dif)解释了GPP变化的16%-45%, 气温(T_a)和饱和水汽压差(VPD)解释了杉木、栓皮栎和华北落叶松林GPP变化的10%-19%。在散射辐射条件下, 人工林在T_a为15-25 ℃和VPD为0-1 kPa时P₁₀₀₀最大。

关键词: 人工林, 散射辐射, 总初级生产力, 饱和水汽压差

Abstract:

Aims Diffuse radiation is one of the important factors affecting forest carbon uptake. However, the response of gross primary productivity (GPP) of planted forest ecosystems to diffuse radiation in China is still unclear. We explored the effects of diffuse radiation on GPP at 6 plantation ecosystems in eastern China during the growing season.

Methods Based on carbon flux data and meteorological data during the growing season of 2019-2020, we estimated the diffuse radiation and identified the direct and diffuse conditions. The important light response parameters of plantation ecosystems were obtained by the rectangular hyperbolic curve. Meanwhile, we quantified the variations of GPP responding to diffuse and direct radiation. The contribution of light and environmental factors to the diurnal variation of GPP was analyzed by partial correlation method.

Important findings Diffuse radiation can effectively promote canopy photosynthesis. The values of light response parameter canopy quantum efficiency (α) and photosynthesis at photosynthetically active radiation of 1 000 µmol·m^-2·s^-1 (P₁₀₀₀)increased by 47%-150% and 2%-65%, respectively. Compared with direct sky conditions, GPP increased by 0.86%-1.70% in response to 1 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 enhancement of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) under diffuse sky conditions, which was affected by forest type and vegetation phenology. In diffuse skies, the increment of the variation of GPP under increasing per unit PAR (0.86%-1.00%) at Pinus sylvestrisvar. mongolica and P. tabuliformissites with lower normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) value was significantly lower than other plantation sites (1.04%-1.70%), and there was a significant positive correlation between NDVI and P₁₀₀₀. Under low light level, PAR controlled the averaged gross primary productivity (GPP_a), but diffuse fraction (DF) mainly regulated GPP_ain middle and high light level. The photosynthesis corresponding to diffuse radiation under moderate light was roughly equal to photosynthesis corresponding to total radiation under high light. Under middle light conditions, the GPP_a value in medium and high DF (≥0.5) at Cunninghamia lanceolata, Populusspp., Quercus variabilis and Larix gmeliniiwas about 27%-50% higher than under low DF condition (<0.5), and the GPP_a value at high DF was about 2% more than under low DF conditions at Pinus sylvestrisvar. mongolica and P. tabuliformis sites. Under diffuse radiation conditions, diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (PAR_dif) explained 16%-45% of the variation of GPP. Air temperature (T_a) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) explained 10%-19% of the variation of GPP at Cunninghamia lanceolata, Quercus variabilis and Larix gmelinii sites. Under diffuse radiation conditions, the P₁₀₀₀ will be the highest when T_a is 15-25 °C and VPD is 0-1 kPa.

Key words: plantation, diffuse radiation, gross primary productivity, vapor pressure deficit

刘沛荣, 同小娟, 孟平, 张劲松, 张静茹, 于裴洋, 周宇. 散射辐射对中国东部典型人工林总初级生产力的影响. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(8): 904-918. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0416

LIU Pei-Rong, TONG Xiao-Juan, MENG Ping, ZHANG Jin-Song, ZHANG Jing-Ru, YU Pei-Yang, ZHOU Yu. Effect of diffuse radiation on gross primary productivity of typical planted forests in eastern China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2022, 46(8): 904-918. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0416

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2021.0416

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2022/V46/I8/904

图/表 12

表1 中国东部6个人工林通量观测站基本情况

Table 1 Description of flux sites of six typical planted forests in eastern China

站点 Site	位置 Location	海拔 Elevation (m)	树种 Species	冠层高度 Canopy height (m)	生长季 Growing season (Month)	土壤类型 Soil type	开路红外分析仪 Open-path infrared gas analyzer	三维超声风速仪 3-D sonic anemometer	仪器高度 Height of instrument (m)
金寨 Jinzhai	31.28° N, 115.68° E	1 100	杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	9.0	4-10	砂壤土 Sandy loam	LI-7500	CSAT3	18
民权 Minquan	34.72° N, 115.08° E	100	杨树 Populus spp.	17.0	4-9	砂壤土 Sandy loam	LI-7500	CSAT3	34
济源 Jiyuan	35.02° N, 112.47° E	410	栓皮栎 Quercus variabilis	12.5	4-10	棕壤土 Brown loam	LI-7500	CSAT3	25
黑水₁Heishui₁	41.97° N, 119.42° E	550	樟子松 Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica	10.0	6-9	灰棕壤 Grey brown earths	LI-7500	CSAT3	20
塞罕坝 Saihanba	42.30° N, 117.42° E	1 700	落叶松 Larix gmelinii	9.0	5-9	棕壤土 Brown loam	LI-7500	CSAT3	18
黑水₂Heishui₂	42.10° N, 119.48° E	650	油松 Pinus tabuliformis	8.0	6-9	灰棕壤 Grey brown earths	LI-7500	CSAT3	16

图1 中国东部人工林生长季光合有效辐射(PAR)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)、气温(Ta)、降水量(P)和归一化植被指数(NDVI)的月变化(平均值±标准差)。A, 杉木林。B, 杨树林。C, 栓皮栎林。D, 樟子松林。E, 华北落叶松林。F, 油松林。

Fig. 1 Monthly variations of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature (Ta), precipitation (P) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during growing season of typical planted forests in eastern China (mean ± SD). A, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest. B, Populus spp. forest. C, Quercus variabilis forest. D, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest. E, Larix gmelinii forest. F, Pinus tabuliformis forest.

图2 中国东部人工林生长季午间(10:00-15:00)光合有效辐射(PAR)、散射光合有效辐射(PARdif)和直接光合有效辐射(PARdir)与散射辐射比例(DF)的关系(平均值±标准差)。A, 杉木林。B, 杨树林。C, 栓皮栎林。D, 樟子松林。E, 华北落叶松林。F, 油松林。

Fig. 2 Relationship between photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (PARdif), direct photosynthetically active radiation (PARdir) and diffuse fraction (DF) at midday period (10:00-15:00) in growing season of typical planted forests in eastern China (mean ± SD). A, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest. B, Populus spp. forest. C, Quercus variabilis forest. D, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest. E, Larix gmelinii forest. F, Pinus tabuliformis forest.

图3 中国东部人工林生长季散射辐射比例(DF)的频率分布。A, 杉木林。B, 杨树林。C, 栓皮栎林。D, 樟子松林。E, 华北落叶松林。F, 油松林。

Fig. 3 Frequency distribution of diffuse fraction (DF) in growing season of typical planted forests in eastern China. A, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest. B, Populus spp. forest. C, Quercus variabilis forest. D, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest. E, Larix gmelinii forest. F, Pinus tabuliformis forest.

图4 中国东部人工林生长季散射辐射比例(DF)的日变化(平均值±标准差)。A, 杉木林。B, 杨树林。C, 栓皮栎林。D, 樟子松林。E, 华北落叶松林。F, 油松林。

Fig. 4 Diurnal variation of diffuse fraction (DF) during growing season of typical planted forests in eastern China (mean ± SD). A, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest. B, Populus spp. forest. C, Quercus variabilis forest. D, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest. E, Larix gmelinii forest. F, Pinus tabuliformis forest.

图5 中国东部人工林不同辐射条件下, 总初级生产力(GPP)与光合有效辐射(PAR)的关系(平均值±标准差)。PAR每间隔100 μmol·m-2·s-1计算0.5 h GPP的平均值。A, 杉木林。B, 杨树林。C, 栓皮栎林。D, 樟子松林。E, 华北落叶松林。F, 油松林。

Fig. 5 Relationship between gross primary productivity (GPP) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) under different radiation conditions of typical planted forests in eastern China (mean ± SD). GPP is 0.5 h averaged for every 100 μmol·m-2·s-1 of PAR. A, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest. B, Populus spp. forest. C, Quercus variabilis forest. D, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest. E, Larix gmelinii forest. F, Pinus tabuliformis forest.

表2 中国东部人工林不同辐射条件下, 生态系统初始量子效率(α)、潜在最大光合速率(Pmax)和高光照(光合有效辐射为1 000 µmol·m-2·s-1)的总初级生产力(P1000)

Table 2 Under different radiation conditions, canopy quantum efficiency (α), maximum canopy photosynthesis (Pmax) and gross primary productivity at high photosynthetically active radiation of 1 000 µmol·m-2·s-1 (P1000) of typical planted forests in eastern China

人工林 Plantation	辐射条件 Radiation condition	α	P_max(mg·m²·s^-1)	P₁₀₀₀(mg·m²·s^-1)	决定系数 Coefficient of determination	样本数 Number of samples
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	散射辐射 Diffuse radiation condition	0.045	1.94	0.70	0.61	3 611
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	直接辐射 Direct radiation condition	0.020	1.97	0.61	0.45	891
杨树 Populus spp.	散射辐射 Diffuse radiation condition	0.024	1.57	0.48	0.52	5 000
杨树 Populus spp.	直接辐射 Direct radiation condition	0.011	0.49	0.24	0.35	649
栓皮栎 Quercus variabilis var. mongolica	散射辐射 Diffuse radiation condition	0.020	1.44	0.42	0.44	5 042
栓皮栎 Quercus variabilis var. mongolica	直接辐射 Direct radiation condition	0.008	1.44	0.29	0.33	1 270
樟子松 Pinus sylvestris	散射辐射 Diffuse radiation condition	0.026	0.78	0.32	0.42	1 636
樟子松 Pinus sylvestris	直接辐射 Direct radiation condition	0.015	0.52	0.29	0.35	943
华北落叶松 Larix gmelinii	散射辐射 Diffuse radiation condition	0.021	2.37	0.55	0.56	1 705
华北落叶松 Larix gmelinii	直接辐射 Direct radiation condition	0.013	1.65	0.43	0.59	679
油松 Pinus tabuliformis	散射辐射 Diffuse radiation condition	0.025	1.00	0.38	0.53	1 841
油松 Pinus tabuliformis	直接辐射 Direct radiation condition	0.017	0.73	0.37	0.39	951

图6 中国东部人工林不同辐射条件下总初级生产力对单位光合有效辐射变化的响应。A, 杉木林。B, 杨树林。C, 栓皮栎林。D, 樟子松林。E, 华北落叶松林。F, 油松林。

Fig. 6 Response of gross primary productivity to changes in per photosynthetically effective radiation under different radiation conditions of typical planted forests in eastern China. A, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest. B, Populus spp. forest. C, Quercus variabilis forest. D, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest. E, Larix gmelinii forest. F, Pinus tabuliformis forest.

图7 中国东部人工林散射辐射条件下高光照(光合有效辐射为1 000 µmol·m-2·s-1)的总初级生产力(P1000)对与归一化植被指数(NDVI)之间的关系。A, 杉木林。B, 杨树林。C, 栓皮栎林。D, 樟子松林。E, 华北落叶松林。F, 油松林。

Fig. 7 Relationship between gross primary productivity at high photosynthetically active radiation of 1 000 µmol·m-2·s-1 (P1000) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) under diffuse sky radiation conditions of typical planted forests in eastern China. A, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest. B, Populus spp. forest. C, Quercus variabilis forest. D, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest. E, Larix gmelinii forest. F, Pinus tabuliformis forest.

图8 中国东部人工林生态系统平均总初级生产力(GPPa)与散射辐射比例(DF)和光合有效辐射(PAR)的关系。图中右上方无数据区域是由于散射辐射降低了PAR, 故在高值DF无对应PAR。A, 杉木林。B, 杨树林。C, 栓皮栎林。D, 樟子松林。E, 华北落叶松林。F, 油松林。

Fig. 8 Relationship among average gross primary productivity (GPPa), diffuse radiation fraction (DF) and photosynthetically effective radiation (PAR) of typical planted forests in eastern China. The region with no data in upper right indicates that there cannot be high magnitudes of PAR at high levels of DF because diffuse radiation reduces the magnitude of PAR. A, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest. B, Populus spp. forest. C, Quercus variabilis forest. D, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest. E, Larix gmelinii forest. F, Pinus tabuliformis forest.

图9 中国东部人工林散射辐射条件下散射光合有效辐射(PARdif)、气温(Ta)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)对总初级生产力(GPP)日变化的影响。A, 杉木林。B, 杨树林。C, 栓皮栎林。D, 樟子松林。E, 华北落叶松林。F, 油松林。

Fig. 9 Under diffuse conditions, diurnal variation of gross primary productivity (GPP) explained by diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (PARdif), temperature (Ta) and vapor pressure difference (VPD) of typical planted forests in eastern China. A, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest. B, Populus spp. forest. C, Quercus variabilis forest. D, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest. E, Larix gmelinii forest. F, Pinus tabuliformis forest.

图10 中国东部人工林散射辐射条件下气温(Ta)和饱和水汽压差(VPD)对高光照(光合有效辐射为1 000 µmol·m-2·s-1)的总初级生产力(P1000)的影响。A, 杉木林。B, 杨树林。C, 栓皮栎林。D, 樟子松林。E, 华北落叶松林。F, 油松林。

Fig. 10 Under diffuse conditions, effects of temperature (Ta) and vapor pressure difference (VPD) on gross primary productivity at high photosynthetically active radiation of 1 000 µmol·m-2·s-1 (P1000) of typical planted forests in eastern China. A, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest. B, Populus spp. forest. C, Quercus variabilis forest. D, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest. E, Larix gmelinii forest. F, Pinus tabuliformis forest.

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散射辐射对中国东部典型人工林总初级生产力的影响

Effect of diffuse radiation on gross primary productivity of typical planted forests in eastern China

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