极度濒危植物巧家五针松的根内和根际真菌群落特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0021

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 巧家五针松(Pinus squamata)是中国特有的极度濒危植物, 野生种群仅存于云南省巧家县, 面临生境脆弱与种群恢复困难等问题。根内和根际真菌群落对濒危植物的种群维持和生态适应具有重要影响, 但目前对于巧家五针松真菌群落特征的研究尚存不足。该研究通过原位采样和高通量测序, 分析了巧家五针松的野生种群和人工繁育种群的真菌群落结构及其地理分异格局, 比较了巧家五针松与伴生植物在真菌群落结构上的差异。结果表明: (1)巧家五针松的野外种群和人工繁育种群在根内和根际的真菌群落结构上均存在显著差异, 其中野生种群的真菌多样性低于迁地保护的人工繁育种群。(2)对于野生种群, 西坡和东坡两个种群个体的真菌群落存在显著差异。(3)外生菌根(ECM)真菌中的蜡壳耳属(Sebacina)、红菇属(Russula)和金孢牛肝菌属(Xanthoconium)等为巧家五针松的优势菌属, 尤其是对于分布在土壤养分缺乏的西坡种群。(4)巧家五针松与邻域树种共享部分ECM真菌, 反映出菌根真菌网络在资源共享与生态稳定中的协同作用。该研究揭示了影响巧家五针松真菌群落的非生物和生物因素, 并提出在未来保育工作中应结合人工接种菌根真菌与优化繁育环境, 恢复关键共生菌丝网络, 以促进“松-菌”一体化的恢复愿景。

关键词: 濒危植物, 极小种群, 巧家五针松, 外生菌根真菌, 根际根内真菌群落, 保护策略

Abstract:

Aims Pinus squamata is a critically endangered species endemic to China, restricted to Qiaojia County, Yunnan Province. It faces significant challenges such as fragile habitats and difficulties in population recovery. Fungal communities play a vital role in the population maintenance and ecological adaptation of endangered plants. However, studies on the fungal community characteristics within the roots and rhizosphere of P. squamata are currently insufficient.
Methods This study used in-situ sampling and high-throughput sequencing to analyze the fungal community structures and their geographical patterns of both wild and cultivated populations of P. squamata. Additionally, it compared the fungal community structures of Pinus squamata with those of its neighboring plant species.
Important findings (1) There are significant differences in the fungal community structures within the roots and rhizosphere between the wild and cultivated populations of P. squamata. The fungal diversity in the wild populations is lower than that of the ex-situ conserved population. (2) In the wild populations, the fungal communities differ significantly between individuals in the west-slope and east-slope populations. (3) Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, such as species from the genera Sebacina, Russula, and Xanthoconium, dominate the root systems of P. squamata. Individuals in the west-slope population, which inhabit nutrient-poor soils, exhibit greater dependence on ECM fungi. (4) Pinus squamata shares some ECM fungi with neighboring tree species, highlighting the cooperative role of mycorrhizal fungal networks in resource sharing and ecological stability. This study reveals both abiotic and biotic factors influencing the fungal communities of P. squamata. Results of this study suggest that conservation efforts should combine inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi and improvement of the seedling soil to restore the critical ectomycorrhizal networks, thereby promoting the vision of integrated recovery of the “pine-fungus” system.

Key words: endangered plant, extremely small population, Pinus squamata, ectomycorrhizal fungi, root-associated fungal community, conservation strategies

张子睿, 周静, 胡艳萍, 梁爽, 马永鹏, 陈伟乐. 极度濒危植物巧家五针松的根内和根际真菌群落特征. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(10): 1600-1611. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0021

ZHANG Zi-Rui, ZHOU Jing, HU Yan-Ping, LIANG Shuang, MA Yong-Peng, CHEN Wei-Le. Root-associated fungal communities of the critically endangered plant Pinus squamata. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(10): 1600-1611. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0021

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2025.0021

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I10/1600

图/表 8

图1 巧家县药山国家级自然保护区采样点分布图。

Fig. 1 Sampling points distribution map of Yaoshan Nature Reserve in Qiaojia County. ESP, east-slope population; NP, near-situ reintroduced population; WSP west-slope population.

表1 巧家五针松不同采样位点土壤理化性质(平均值±标准误)

Table 1 Soil physicochemical properties (mean ± SE) at different sampling sites of Pinus squamata

土壤性质 Soil property	野生种群 Wild population		人工繁育种群 Cultivated population
土壤性质 Soil property	西坡种群 WSP	东坡种群 ESP	近地回归 NP	迁地保护 EP
土壤全氮含量 TN content (mg·g^-1)	4.27 ± 1.84^b	7.27 ± 2.44^a	2.22 ± 0.95^c	5.28 ± 2.28^b
土壤全碳含量 TC content (mg·g^-1)	50.62 ± 24.65^b	86.36 ± 32.10^a	30.07 ± 11.53^b	78.42 ± 24.87^a
含水量 SWC (%)	8.09 ± 1.32^b	7.88 ± 2.58^b	7.70 ± 2.35^b	20.44 ± 8.37^a

图2 基于Bray-Curtis距离的限制性主坐标(CPCo)分析探究野生种群、近地回归种群和迁地保护种群的根内(A)和根际(D)中真菌群落结构的差异。通过香农-维纳多样性指数和ACE丰富度指数来衡量根内(B、C)和根际(E、F)中的真菌群落α多样性。不同小写字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。EP, 迁地保护种群; NP, 近地回归种群; WP, 野生种群。

Fig. 2 Constrained Principal Coordinate (CPCo) analysis based on Bray-Curtis distances was conducted to explore the differences in the structure of endophytic (A) and rhizosphere (D) fungal communities among the wild population, near-situ reintroduced population, and ex-situ conserved population. Shannon-Wiener diversity index and ACE richness index were used to measure the α-diversity of fungal communities in endophytic (B, C) and rhizosphere (E, F). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). EP, ex-situ conserved population; NP, near-situ reintroduced population; WP, wild population.

图3 野生种群、近地回归人工种群和迁地保护人工种群的根内(A)和根际(C)真菌群落的菌属组成, 以及根内(B)和根际(D)真菌群落不同功能型的相对丰度。EP, 迁地保护种群; NP, 近地回归种群; WP, 野生种群。

Fig. 3 Relative abundance (at the genus level) of endophytic (A) and rhizosphere (C) fungal communities in the wild population, near-situ reintroduced population, and ex-situ conserved population, as well as the relative abundance of different functional types in endophytic (B) and rhizosphere (D) fungal communities. EP, ex-situ conserved population; NP, near-situ reintroduced population; WP, wild population. ECM, ectomycorrhizal.

图4 西坡野生种群和东坡野生种群的根内(A, B)和根际(D, E)真菌群落的香农-维纳多样性指数和ACE丰富度指数 (Mann-Whitney U检验显著差异性), 以及基于Bray-Curtis距离的野生西坡种群和野生东坡种群根内(C)和根际(F)真菌群落的非度量多维尺度(NMDS)分析。*, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001; ****, p < 0.000 1。ESP, 野生东坡种群; WSP, 野生西坡种群。

Fig. 4 Shannon-Wiener diversity index and ACE richness index of the endophytic (A, B) and rhizosphere (D, E) fungal communities in the west-slope population and east-slope population were tested for significant differences using the Mann-Whitney U test, and Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis based on Bray-Curtis distances of endophytic (C) and rhizosphere (F) fungal communities in the west-slope population and east-slope population. *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001; ****, p < 0.000 1. ESP, east-slope population; WSP, west-slope population.

图5 西坡野生种群和东坡野生种群的根内(A)和根际(C)真菌群落相对丰度(属水平), 以及根内(B)和根际(D)真菌群落不同功能型的相对丰度。ESP, 东坡野生种群; WSP, 西坡野生种群。

Fig. 5 Relative abundance (at the genus level) of endophytic (A) and rhizosphere (C) fungal communities in the west-slope population and east-slope population, as well as the relative abundance of different functional types in endophytic (B) and rhizosphere (D) fungal communities. ESP, east-slope population; WSP, west-slope population. ECM, ectomycorrhizal.

图6 基于Bray-Curtis距离的巧家五针松和4个邻域种的根内所有真菌群落(A)和ECM真菌群落(B)以及根际的所有真菌群落(C)和ECM真菌群落(D)的非度量多维尺度(NMDS)排序图以及置换多元方差(PERMANOVA)分析。LP, 多穗柯; PS, 巧家五针松; PY, 云南松; RC, 盐麸木; RL, 薄叶鼠李。

Fig. 6 Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis based on Bray-Curtis distances of the Pinus squamata and four neighboring species for all fungal communities within the roots (A) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities (B), as well as all fungal communities in the rhizosphere (C) and ECM fungal communities (D). LP, Lithocarpus polystachyus; PS, Pinus squamata; PY, Pinus yunnanensis; RC, Rhus chinensis; RL, Rhamnus leptophylla.

图7 西坡野生巧家五针松和邻域种的根内(A, C, E)和根际(B, D, F)中相对丰度前3的外生菌根(ECM)菌属的丰度差异。不同小写字母表示差异显著(p < 0.001); ns, 不显著。LP, 多穗柯; PS, 巧家五针松; PY, 云南松; RC, 盐麸木; RL, 薄叶鼠李。

Fig. 7 Relative abundance of the top 3 ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal genera within the roots (A, C, E) and in the rhizosphere (B, D, F) of the wild west-slope Pinus squamata and four neighboring species. All differences were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test, with different lowercase letters indicating significant difference (p < 0.001), and ns marked for non-significance. LP, Lithocarpus polystachyus; PS, Pinus squamata; PY, Pinus yunnanensis; RC, Rhus chinensis; RL, Rhamnus leptophylla.

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