不同坡位植被分异及土壤效应——以内蒙古短花针茅草原为例

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.01167

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在内蒙古短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)草原分布区选择赛汉、化德、准格尔3个典型样地, 在各样地沿坡面设置3条样线进行植被调查和土壤分析, 并采用聚类分析、二项式检验、差异显著性检验、典范对应分析、Pearson相关性分析等一系列统计学方法, 探讨了坡位对植被格局的影响及土壤效应。结果表明: (1)坡位导致缓丘上部坡面和下部坡面植被类型明显分异, 且以群落复合体的形式出现, 上部坡面发育的是该区气候顶级群落, 下部坡面发育的为地形群落; (2)坡位影响了物种沿坡面的分布格局, 主要体现在建群种及部分优势种上; (3)坡位导致上部坡面和下部坡面生产力的差异, 且下部坡面的生产力高于上部坡面, 形成2个不同的功能区域; (4)坡位通过地貌过程和起伏变化, 外加风蚀、水蚀影响, 严重改变了表层土(尤其是0-5 cm)的土壤特征, 从而在极小的范围内形成了非常明显的生境异质性, 提供了多样化的生存环境, 为局域范围内生物多样性的形成与维持提供了一种重要机制; (5)坡位导致植被分异的土壤效应主要是表层土(尤其是0-5 cm)土壤机械组成的差异, 生产力沿坡面的分异主要来源于土壤含水量。开展坡位对植被分布格局的影响将为植被分类、植被制图学科的发展提供理论依据, 并为植被资源的合理规划和利用以及开展植被保护与各种生态恢复工程提供科学依据和现实指导意义。

关键词: 群落复合体, 生产力, 坡位, 土壤特征, 植被格局

Abstract:

Aims Spatial pattern of vegetation is determined by a variety of environmental factors on different scales. The influence of landform on vegetation pattern is receiving growing attention. This study examined the influence of slope location on vegetation pattern in Inner Mongolia grassland to provide a scientific basis for vegetation classification, vegetation mapping, rational utilization and ecosystem restoration and reconstruction.Methods In each of three typical sites in Stipa breviflora grassland, we established three parallel line transects of unequal length and placed 0.5 m × 0.5 m herb plots at 2-m intervals along each line. Vegetation and soil were surveyed for each plot. Cluster analysis, binomial test, significant difference test, canonical correspondence analysis and Pearson correlation analysis were used to analyze the influence of slope location on vegetation pattern and soil effects.
Important findings Vegetation types were clearly differentiated between upper and lower slopes, with a climatic climax community on the upper slope and a terrain community on the lower slope. Slope locations affected the species distribution pattern along the slope, mainly in species composition and some dominant species. The productivity of the lower slope is higher than that of the higher slope, and two different functional areas had formed. The character of the surface soil (especially 0-5 cm) was largest difference between upper and lower slope. Various geomorphic processes resulted in great habitat heterogeneity in a very small region. It provides an important mechanism for formation and maintenance of biological diversity at the local scale. Mechanical composition difference of surface soil (especially 0-5 cm) affected vegetation pattern, and soil moisture affected the productivity difference along the slope.

Key words: community complex, productivity, slope locations, soil character, vegetation pattern

张庆, 牛建明, 韩芳, 董建军, 张艳楠, 康萨如拉, 杨艳. 不同坡位植被分异及土壤效应——以内蒙古短花针茅草原为例. 植物生态学报, 2011, 35(11): 1167-1181. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.01167

ZHANG Qing, NIU Jian-Ming, Alexander BUYANTUYEV, HAN Fang, DONG Jian-Jun, ZHANG Yan-Nan, KANG Sarula, YANG Yan. Vegetation differentiation and soil effect at different slope locations—a case study ofStipa breviflora grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2011, 35(11): 1167-1181. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.01167

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图/表 11

参考文献 81

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样地 Site	赛汉 Saihan (SH)	化德 Huade (HD)	准格尔 Jungar (JGR)
纬度 Latitude (E)	42.70°	41.94°	39.76°
经度 Longitude (N)	112.73°	113.91°	111.13°
海拔 Altitude (m)	1 096	1 507	1 129
植被类型 Vegetation type	荒漠草原 Desert steppe	中温性典型草原 Temperate typical steppe	暖温性典型草原 Warm typical steppe
土壤类型 Soil type	棕钙土 Brown calcic soil	淡栗钙土 Light chestnut soil	黄绵土 Loessal soil
年平均气温 Annual mean air temperature (℃)	3.67	1.42	6.88
年平均降水量 Annual mean precipitation (mm)	245.09	339.80	363.42
地形 Topography	缓丘 Gradual hill	缓丘 Gradual hill	沟坡 Gully slope
围封年限 Fencing duration (Year)	2	3	9

样地 Site	赛汉 Saihan (SH)	化德 Huade (HD)	准格尔 Jungar (JGR)
纬度 Latitude (E)	42.70°	41.94°	39.76°
经度 Longitude (N)	112.73°	113.91°	111.13°
海拔 Altitude (m)	1 096	1 507	1 129
植被类型 Vegetation type	荒漠草原 Desert steppe	中温性典型草原 Temperate typical steppe	暖温性典型草原 Warm typical steppe
土壤类型 Soil type	棕钙土 Brown calcic soil	淡栗钙土 Light chestnut soil	黄绵土 Loessal soil
年平均气温 Annual mean air temperature (℃)	3.67	1.42	6.88
年平均降水量 Annual mean precipitation (mm)	245.09	339.80	363.42
地形 Topography	缓丘 Gradual hill	缓丘 Gradual hill	沟坡 Gully slope
围封年限 Fencing duration (Year)	2	3	9

样地 Site	样线 Line transect	聚类结果 Results by cluster analyses	群落类型 Community type
赛汉 Saihan (SH)	样线1下部 Lower slope of the first line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6、8、9、10、11	短花针茅群系 Form.Stipa breviflora
	样线1上部 Upper slope of the first line transect	7、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21	小针茅群系 Form. S. klemenzii
	样线2下部 Lower slope of the second line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线2上部 Upper slope of the second line transect	9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19	小针茅群系 Form. S. klemenzii
	样线3下部 Lower slope of the third line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线3上部 Upper slope of the third line transect	10、11、12、13、14、15、16	小针茅群系 Form. S. klemenzii
化德 Huade (HD)	样线1下部 Lower slope of the first line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6、7	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线1上部 Upper slope of the first line transect	8、9、10、11、12、13、14	克氏针茅群系 Form. S. krylovii
	样线2下部 Lower slope of the second line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线2上部 Upper slope of the second line transect	9、10、11、12、13、14	克氏针茅群系 Form. S. krylovii
	样线3下部 Lower slope of the third line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线3上部 Upper slope of the third line transect	9、10、11、12、13、14	克氏针茅群系 Form. S. krylovii
准格尔 Jungar (JGR)	样线1下部 Lower slope of the first line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线1上部 Upper slope of the first line transect	7、8、9、10、11、12	本氏针茅群系 Form. S. bungeana
	样线2下部 Lower slope of the second line transect	1、2、3、5、6	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线2上部 Upper slope of the second line transect	4、7、8、9、10	本氏针茅群系 Form. S. bungeana
	样线3下部 Lower slope of the third line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6、7	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线3上部 Upper slope of the third line transect	8、9、10、11、12	本氏针茅群系 Form. S. bungeana

样地 Site	样线 Line transect	聚类结果 Results by cluster analyses	群落类型 Community type
赛汉 Saihan (SH)	样线1下部 Lower slope of the first line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6、8、9、10、11	短花针茅群系 Form.Stipa breviflora
	样线1上部 Upper slope of the first line transect	7、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21	小针茅群系 Form. S. klemenzii
	样线2下部 Lower slope of the second line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线2上部 Upper slope of the second line transect	9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19	小针茅群系 Form. S. klemenzii
	样线3下部 Lower slope of the third line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线3上部 Upper slope of the third line transect	10、11、12、13、14、15、16	小针茅群系 Form. S. klemenzii
化德 Huade (HD)	样线1下部 Lower slope of the first line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6、7	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线1上部 Upper slope of the first line transect	8、9、10、11、12、13、14	克氏针茅群系 Form. S. krylovii
	样线2下部 Lower slope of the second line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线2上部 Upper slope of the second line transect	9、10、11、12、13、14	克氏针茅群系 Form. S. krylovii
	样线3下部 Lower slope of the third line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线3上部 Upper slope of the third line transect	9、10、11、12、13、14	克氏针茅群系 Form. S. krylovii
准格尔 Jungar (JGR)	样线1下部 Lower slope of the first line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线1上部 Upper slope of the first line transect	7、8、9、10、11、12	本氏针茅群系 Form. S. bungeana
	样线2下部 Lower slope of the second line transect	1、2、3、5、6	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线2上部 Upper slope of the second line transect	4、7、8、9、10	本氏针茅群系 Form. S. bungeana
	样线3下部 Lower slope of the third line transect	1、2、3、4、5、6、7	短花针茅群系 Form. S. breviflora
	样线3上部 Upper slope of the third line transect	8、9、10、11、12	本氏针茅群系 Form. S. bungeana

样地 Site	样线 Line transect	上部坡面样方 Plot on the upper slope	下部坡面样方 Plot on the lower slope
赛汉 Saihan (SH)	样线1 The first line transect	12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21	1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11
	样线2 The second line transect	9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19	1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8
	样线3 The third line transect	10、11、12、13、14、15、16	1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9
化德 Huade (HD)	样线1 The first line transect	8、9、10、11、12、13、14	1、2、3、4、5、6、7
	样线2 The second line transect	9、10、11、12、13、14	1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8
	样线3 The third line transect	9、10、11、12、13、14	1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8
准格尔 Jungar (JGR)	样线1 The first line transect	7、8、9、10、11、12	1、2、3、4、5、6
	样线2 The second line transect	7、8、9、10	1、2、3、4、5、6
	样线3 The third line transect	8、9、10、11、12	1、2、3、4、5、6、7