汶川地震对大熊猫栖息地的影响与恢复对策

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.06.023

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

大熊猫是生物多样性保护的旗舰种, 保护大熊猫及其栖息地是保护生物多样性和生态系统功能完整性与稳定性的重要保障体现。汶川地震灾区位于大熊猫重点分布区岷山-邛崃山, 地震及其次生灾害导致该区27个大熊猫自然保护区不同程度受损, 8.3%的大熊猫栖息地因地震而被破坏。地震及其次生灾害对大熊猫栖息地的影响主要表现在: 1) 地震埋没和砸毁大熊猫赖以生存的主食竹, 地震可能诱发主食竹开花, 威胁到大熊猫的健康和食物安全; 2) 地震及其诱发的土壤和山石运动显著影响森林的动态特征, 森林大面积丧失或质量下降; 3) 地震改变大熊猫栖息地生境特征, 大熊猫个体交流的廊道阻断, 形成“生殖孤岛”, 遗传多样性降低, 栖息地破碎化进程加快。应对震后大熊猫栖息地恢复的主要对策有: 1) 重新评估震后大熊猫栖息地质量, 并重新规划现有大熊猫保护区群的布局; 2) 应用地理信息系统、遥感及数学模型等手段与野外实地实证研究相结合的方法, 全面查清震后大熊猫栖息地主食竹资源状况及分布规律并及时监测其动态, 复壮更新大熊猫主食竹; 3) 利用天然植被自然恢复和人工重建等措施恢复因地震而退化或丧失的大熊猫栖息地。

关键词: 大熊猫, 保护生物学, 栖息地, 地震, 破碎化, 主食竹, 恢复

Abstract:

Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a flag species for biodiversity conservation. Protecting giant panda and its habitats helps guarantee biodiversity conservation and integrity of ecosystem function. The Wenchuan earthquake occurred in Minshan and Qionglai Mountains, where the most important habitats for giant pandas occur. The earthquake damaged 27 nature reserves for giant pandas and 8.3% of the giant panda habitat. The earthquake and earthquake-induced events such as landslides have important ecological consequences. First, the earthquake damaged bamboo, the main food for giant pandas. At the same time, the earthquake may induce bamboo flowering, which will threaten the food supply of giant pandas. Second, the earthquake and earthquake-induced soil movements and rockslides caused small-scale damage such as treefalls, which will influence forest dynamics through long-term effects on tree mortality, growth and competition. Third, the earthquake will fragment habitats, causing isolation among giant panda populations. Therefore, we propose reassessment of the quality of giant panda habitats at landscape or regional scales and adjustment of the system of nature reserves. In addition, it is necessary to survey and monitor bamboo resources, including their distribution and dynamics, and to regenerate or rejuvenate bamboo. We also propose restoring degraded habitats with natural vegetation and plantings.

Key words: Giant panda, habitat, earthquake, bamboo flowering, habitat fragmentation

申国珍, 谢宗强, 冯朝阳, 徐文婷, 郭柯. 汶川地震对大熊猫栖息地的影响与恢复对策. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(6): 1417-1425. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.06.023

SHEN Guo-Zhen, XIE Zong-Qiang, FENG Chao-Yang, XU Wen-Ting, GUO Ke. INFLUENCE OF THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE ON GIANT PANDA HABITATS AND STRATEGIES FOR RESTORATION. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(6): 1417-1425. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.06.023

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.06.023

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2008/V32/I6/1417

图/表 4

图1 汶川地震灾区大熊猫分布状况 1.尖山自然保护区 Jianshan Nature Reserve 2.白水江自然保护区 Baishuijiang Nature Reserve 3.毛寨自然保护区 Maozhai Nature Reserve 4. 东阳沟自然保护区 Dongyanggou Nature Reserve 5.唐家河自然保护区 Tangjiahe Nature Reserve 6.白河自然保护区 Baihe Nature Reserve 7.勿角自然保护区 Wujiao Nature Reserve 8.王朗自然保护区 Wanglang Nature reserve 9.九寨沟自然保护区 Jiuzhaigou Nature reserve 10.黄龙自然保护区 Huanglong Nature reserve 11.龙滴水自然保护区 Longdishui Nature reserve 12.小河沟自然保护区 Xiaohegou Nature reserve 13.雪宝顶自然保护区 Xuebaoding Nature reserve 14.白羊自然保护区 Baiyang Nature reserve 15.片口自然保护区 Piankou Nature reserve 16.小寨子沟自然保护区 Xiaozhaizigou Nature reserve 17.宝顶沟自然保护区 Baodinggou Nature reserve 18.千佛山自然保护区 Qianfoshan Nature reserve 19.九顶山自然保护区 Jiudingshan Nature reserve 20.白水河自然保护区 Baishuihe Nature reserve 21.龙溪-虹口自然保护区 Longxi-Hongkou Nature reserve 22.草坡自然保护区 Caopo Nature reserve 23.卧龙自然保护区 Wolong Nature reserve 24.鞍子河自然保护区 Anzihe Nature reserve 25.黑水河自然保护区 Heishuihe Nature reserve 26.蜂桶寨自然保护区 Fengtongzhai Nature reserve 27.喇叭河自然保护区 Labahe Nature reserve

Fig. 1 Giant panda distribution in Wenchuan earthquake area

图2 1975年岷山山系和1983年邛崃山系大熊猫主食竹开花灾情 1~27同图1

Fig. 2 The staple food bamboo flowering in Minshan and Qionglai Mountains in 1975 and 1983 See Fig. 1

表1 地震次生灾害诱发的树木损坏和死亡平均百分比(±1 SE)(Allen et al. 1999)

Table 1 Mean (±1 SE) percentage of tree injury and mortality as a result of different causes of earthquake damage on 28 Basin Creek.

地震次生灾害 Cause of damage by earthquake	损坏 Injury	死亡 Mortality
滑坡Landslides
岩崩Rock falls	3.9±2.2	0.4±0.3
崩落Rock slides	1.2±0.6	0.3±0.2
岩块滑落Rock block slides	0	0.1±0.1
裂攘泥石流Disrupted soil slides	3.0±1.0	0.1±0.1
泥石流Rapid soil slides	2.1±1.0	16.0±5.9
山洪Flooding	0	1.7±1.7
树倒Treefall	3.0±0.9	1.2±0.5
其它Other trees	9.2±1.9	3.7±2.1
不清楚Unknown	0.2±0.1	0.6±0.3
总计Total	22.5±4.0	24.0±5.9

图3 大熊猫栖息地面积动态变化

Fig. 3 The area of Giant panda habitat changed with years

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