神农架自然遗产地植被垂直带谱的特点和代表性

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2017.0092

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

充分认识并掌握我国自然遗产地山地植被垂直带谱代表性, 对正确评估自然遗产地的价值进而制定相关保护管理政策具有重要的科学意义和现实意义。该研究基于群落调查数据、全球1 km²土地利用数据, 通过对比分析、空间分析等方法, 从植被垂直带谱的地带性、完整性及不同垂直带群落物种更替等角度, 分析论证了神农架自然遗产地植被垂直带谱的代表性。结果显示: 神农架自然遗产地从低海拔到高海拔依次发育有常绿阔叶林带(遗产地南坡)、常绿落叶阔叶混交林带、落叶阔叶林带、针阔混交林带、针叶林带及亚高山灌丛和草甸带, 其北坡保存的地带性常绿落叶阔叶混交林是北半球常绿落叶阔叶混交林生态系统的最典型代表。神农架自然遗产地拥有的植被垂直带谱是“全球生物地理区划”中东方落叶林生物地理省最完整的植被垂直带谱, 在东方落叶林生物地理省具有唯一性和代表性, 在较小的水平距离范围内浓缩了中亚热带、北亚热带、暖温带、温带和寒温带等生态系统特征, 成为研究全球气候变化下山地生态系统垂直分异规律及其生态学过程的杰出范例, 具有突出的世界自然遗产价值。

关键词: 海拔梯度, 地带性植被, 常绿落叶阔叶混交林, 东方落叶林生物地理省, 完整性

Abstract:

Aims Mountains contain broad environmental gradients, which are to be an outstanding universal value representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of zonal vegetation along the elevation gradients. Exploring the biological and ecological value of the vegetation zonation along the elevation gradients of Chinese mountain natural heritage site is important for biodiversity conservation and management.
Methods Based on the community survey data of the six vegetation zonation along the elevational gradients in Shennongjia, the global land use dataset, and the literature data of the communities along the altitudinal gradients of other natural heritage sites and the nominated world natural heritage sites in Oriental Deciduous Forest Biogeographic Province by Udvardy, we explored the outstanding universal value of the zonal vegetation along the altitude gradients by the methods of spatial analysis.
Important findings Shennongjia heritage site preserves the intact vegetation zonation of the typical Oriental Deciduous Forest Biogeographical Province in the Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World by Udvardy, including evergreen broad-leaved forests (South Slope of the Heritage Site), evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests, deciduous broad-leaved forests, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests, coniferous forests and subalpine shrub and meadow along the elevation gradients. The altitudinal zonation of vegetation in the Shennongjia heritage site represented a variety of bio-ecological processes, such as the turnover of the dominant trees along the altitudinal gradients, and is an outstanding example of the ongoing ecological processes occurring in the development of intact subtropical mixed broadleaved evergreen and deciduous forest in the Northern Hemisphere.

Key words: elevation gradient, zonal vegetation, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, Oriental Deciduous Biogeographic Province, integrity

马明哲, 申国珍, 熊高明, 赵常明, 徐文婷, 周友兵, 谢宗强. 神农架自然遗产地植被垂直带谱的特点和代表性. 植物生态学报, 2017, 41(11): 1127-1139. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0092

Ming-Zhe MA, Guo-Zhen SHEN, Gao-Ming XIONG, Chang-Ming ZHAO, Wen-Ting XU, You-Bing ZHOU, Zong-Qiang XIE. Characteristic and representativeness of the vertical vegetation zonation along the altitudinal gradient in Shennongjia Natural Heritage. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2017, 41(11): 1127-1139. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0092

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2017.0092

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2017/V41/I11/1127

图/表 5

表1 神农架及北半球同纬度典型地区概况

Table 1 Overview of Shennongjia and its counterparts in the same latitude

国家 Country	地区 Area	植被类型 Vegetation type	位置 Location	海拔 Altitude (m)	年平均气温 Mean annual temperature (℃)	年降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	优势种 Dominant species	土壤类型 Soil type
中国 China	神农架 Shennongjia	常绿落叶阔叶混交林 Evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest	31.27° N, 110.48° E	1 670	10.6	1 200	米心水青冈, 青冈 Fagus engleriana, Cyclobalanopsis glauca	山地黄棕壤 Mountain yellow brown soil
日本 Japan	本州南部低地, 四国, 九州和琉球群岛的北部 The southern lowlands of Honshu, north part of Shikoku, Kyushu and Ryuryu	常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest	26.58°-35.5° N, 130°- 140° E	250-1 100	13-21	1 300-2 500	Castanopsis cuspidata, C. cuspidate var. sieboldii, Quercus salicina, Q. acuta, Q. sessilifolia, Machilus thunbergii	棕壤 Brown soil
法国、意大利、西班牙、希腊 France, Italy, Spain, and Greece,	地中海沿岸 Mediterranean	硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forest	30.25°- 45.83° N, 0°-30° E	300-2 800	16-20	300-1 000	Quercus coccifera, Q. ilex, Q. suber, Pistacia lentiscus	红壤和黄壤 Red soil and yellow soil
美国 USA	大烟山 Great Smoky Mountains	温带阔叶林 Temperate broad-leaved forest	35.6° N, 83.48° W	1 830	12	1 270-2 030	Quercus borealis, Tilia heterophylla, Betula alleghenicnsis, Acer rubrum	山地棕壤 Mountain brown soil
北非 North Africa	撒哈拉沙漠北部 North of the Sahara Desert	荒漠 Desert	25°-35° N, 15°W-50° E	-	>30	90-450	金合欢属, 蒿属, 三芒草属, 画眉草属, 稷属 Acacia, Artemisia, Aristida, Eragrostis, Panicum	石漠(岩漠)、砾漠和沙漠 Rock desert (rock desert), gravel desert and desert

表1 神农架及北半球同纬度典型地区概况

Table 1 Overview of Shennongjia and its counterparts in the same latitude

国家 Country	地区 Area	植被类型 Vegetation type	位置 Location	海拔 Altitude (m)	年平均气温 Mean annual temperature (℃)	年降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	优势种 Dominant species	土壤类型 Soil type
中国 China	神农架 Shennongjia	常绿落叶阔叶混交林 Evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest	31.27° N, 110.48° E	1 670	10.6	1 200	米心水青冈, 青冈 Fagus engleriana, Cyclobalanopsis glauca	山地黄棕壤 Mountain yellow brown soil
日本 Japan	本州南部低地, 四国, 九州和琉球群岛的北部 The southern lowlands of Honshu, north part of Shikoku, Kyushu and Ryuryu	常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest	26.58°-35.5° N, 130°- 140° E	250-1 100	13-21	1 300-2 500	Castanopsis cuspidata, C. cuspidate var. sieboldii, Quercus salicina, Q. acuta, Q. sessilifolia, Machilus thunbergii	棕壤 Brown soil
法国、意大利、西班牙、希腊 France, Italy, Spain, and Greece,	地中海沿岸 Mediterranean	硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forest	30.25°- 45.83° N, 0°-30° E	300-2 800	16-20	300-1 000	Quercus coccifera, Q. ilex, Q. suber, Pistacia lentiscus	红壤和黄壤 Red soil and yellow soil
美国 USA	大烟山 Great Smoky Mountains	温带阔叶林 Temperate broad-leaved forest	35.6° N, 83.48° W	1 830	12	1 270-2 030	Quercus borealis, Tilia heterophylla, Betula alleghenicnsis, Acer rubrum	山地棕壤 Mountain brown soil
北非 North Africa	撒哈拉沙漠北部 North of the Sahara Desert	荒漠 Desert	25°-35° N, 15°W-50° E	-	>30	90-450	金合欢属, 蒿属, 三芒草属, 画眉草属, 稷属 Acacia, Artemisia, Aristida, Eragrostis, Panicum	石漠(岩漠)、砾漠和沙漠 Rock desert (rock desert), gravel desert and desert

图1 全球30°-35° N带上常绿落叶阔叶混交林的分布(红色代表混交林)。

Fig. 1 The distribution of evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests (red areas) along the belt of 30°-35° N in the Northern Hemisphere.

图2 神农架海拔梯度上主要植物群系分布图。大写英文字母对应各垂直带: A, 亚热带常绿阔叶林带; B, 北亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林带; C, 暖温带落叶阔叶林带; D, 温带针阔混交林带; E, 寒温带针叶林带; F, 亚高山灌丛、草甸带。横坐标数字对应群系: 1, 蜡梅灌丛; 2, 楠木、小叶青冈为主的常绿阔叶林; 3, 马桑、毛黄栌灌丛; 4, 马尾松、栓皮栎林; 5, 杉木林; 6, 栓皮栎林; 7, 香叶树、小叶青冈、化香树、亮叶桦林; 8, 马尾松林; 9, 尖齿高山栎灌丛; 10, 曼青冈、水丝梨、巴东栎、青冈林; 11, 乌冈栎、岩栎、鹅耳枥、化香树林; 12, 野核桃林; 13, 栓皮栎、锐齿槲栎、茅栗林; 14, 巴东栎、曼青冈、亮叶桦、化香树林; 15, 刺叶栎林; 16, 短柄枹林; 17, 茅栗林; 18, 巴山松林; 19, 亮叶桦、化香树、鹅耳枥林; 20, 华山松、糙皮桦林; 21, 锐齿槲栎林; 22, 秦岭冷杉林; 23, 川榛、鸡树条荚蒾、湖北海棠灌丛; 24, 薹草、地榆、香青、血见愁老鹳草草甸; 25, 野漆树、锐齿槲栎、灯台树、化香树林; 26, 芒、蕨草丛; 27, 美丽胡枝子、绿叶胡枝子灌丛; 28, 薹草、葱状灯芯草、长叶地榆、柳兰沼泽化草甸; 29, 华山松、锐齿槲栎林; 30, 华山松林; 31, 米心水青冈林; 32, 秦岭冷杉、青扦林; 33, 锐齿槲栎、米心水青冈、红桦林; 34, 红桦林; 35, 华山松、山杨、红桦林; 36, 华山松、山杨林; 37, 中华黄花柳、华中山楂、湖北花楸灌丛; 38, 巴山冷杉、红桦、槭类林; 39, 杯腺柳灌丛; 40, 直穗小檗灌丛; 41, 箭竹灌丛; 42, 平枝荀子灌丛; 43, 巴山冷杉林; 44, 粉红杜鹃灌丛; 45, 香柏灌丛; 46, 印度三毛草、紫羊茅、糙野青茅草甸。群系海拔分布信息主要参考田自强(2002)。

Fig. 2 The distribution of main plant formations in Shennongjia along the elevation gradient. Capital English letters represent vertical vegetation zones: A, subtropical zone of evergreen broad-leaved forest; B, north subtropical zone of Mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest; C, warm temperate zone of broadleaved deciduous forest; D, temperate zone of mixed broadleaf-conifer forest; E, cold temperate zone of coniferous forest; F, subalpine zone of shrub meadow. The abscissa represents different formations: 1, Form. Chimonanthus praecox; 2, Form. Phoebe zhennan, Cyclobalanopsis gracilis; 3, Form. Coriaria sinica, Cotinus coggyqria var. pubescens; 4, Form. Pinus massoniana, Quercus variabilis; 5, Form. Cunninghamia lanceolata; 6, Form. Quercus variabilis; 7, Form. Lindera communis, Cyclobalanopsis gracilis, Platycarya strobilacea, Betula luminifera; 8, Form. Pinus massoniana; 9, Form. Quercus acrodonta; 10, Form. Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon, Sycopsis chinense, Quercus engleriana, Cyclobanopsis myrsinaefolia; 11, Form. Quercus philyraeoides, Q. acrodonta, Carpinus sp., Platycarya strobilacea; 12, Form. Juglans cathayensis; 13, Form. Quercus variabilis, Q. aliena var. acuteserrata, Castanea segyinii; 14, Form. Quercus engleriana, Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon, Betula luminifera, Platycarya strobilacea; 15, Form. Quercus spinosa; 16, Form. Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata; 17, Form. Castanea seguinii; 18, Form. Pinus henryi; 19, Form. Betula luminifera, Platycarya strobilacea, Carpinus sp.; 20, Form. Pinups armandii, Betula utilis; 21, Form. Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata; 22, Form. Abies chensiensis; 23, Form. Corylus heterophylla var. sutchuenensis, Viburnum opulus var. calvescens, Malus hupehensis; 24, Form. Carex sp., Sanguisorba officinalis var. longifolia, Anaphalis sinica, Geranium henryi; 25, Form. Rhus verniciflua, Quercus acutidentata, Cornus controversa, Platycarya strobilacea; 26, Form. Miscanthus sinensis, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum; 27, Form. Lespedeza formosa, L. buergeri; 28, Form. Carex sp., Juncus concinus, Sanguisorba officicnalis var. longifolia, Chamaenerion angustifolium; 29, Form. Pinus armandii, Querus aliena var. acuteserrata; 30, Form. Pinus armandii; 31, Form. Fagus engleriana; 32, Form. Abies chensiensis, Picea wilsonii; 33, Form. Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata, Fagus engleriana, Betula albosinensis; 34, Form. Betula albosinensis; 35, Form. Pinus armandii, Populus davidiana, Betula albosinensis; 36, Form. Pinus armandii, Populus davidiana; 37, Form. Salix carprea var. inica, Crataegus wilsonii, Sorbus hupehensis; 38, Form. Abies fargesii, Betula albosinensis, Acer sp.; 39, Form. Salix cupularis; 40, Form. Berberis dasystachya; 41, Form. Sinarundinaria nitida; 42, Form. Cotoneaster horizontalis; 43, Form. Abies fargesii; 44, Form. Rhododendron fargesii; 45, Form. Sabina pingii var. wilsonii; 46, Form. Trisetum clarkei, Festuca rubra, Deyeuxia scabrescens. Formation distribution along the elevation was based on Tian (2002).

图3 神农架山地示意图。A, 神农顶, 神农架遗产地最高点, 海拔3 106.2 m; B, 下谷坪, 神农架遗产地南坡最低点, 海拔400 m; C, 韩家坪, 神农架遗产地北坡最低点, 海拔600 m。

Fig. 3 Sketch map of Shennongjia mountain. A, Shennongding, the summit of the heritage site with the elevation of 3 106.2 m; B, Xiaguping, the lowest point of the south slope of the heritage site with the elevation of 400 m; C, Hanjiaping, the lowest point of the north slope of the heritage site with the elevation of 600 m.

表2 Udvardy东方落叶林生物地理省内主要山地的现存植被垂直带谱

Table 2 The altitudinal vegetation zonation of the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biogeographic Province in the Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World by Udvardy

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