中亚热带森林土壤微生物群落多样性随海拔梯度的变化

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00041

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

运用Biolog EcoPlate技术, 对武夷山不同海拔植被带(常绿阔叶林(EBF)、针叶林(CF)、亚高山矮林(DF)、高山草甸(AM))土壤微生物群落多样性差异进行了研究。结果表明: 不同海拔植被带土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异显著。土壤平均颜色变化率(AWCD)随培养时间延长而逐渐增加, 同一深度土层的AWCD值随海拔升高而逐渐降低, 大小顺序依次为EFB > CF > DF > AM。同一海拔植被带, 不同深度土层的AWCD值总体趋势依次为0-10 cm > 10-25 cm > 25-40 cm。土壤微生物群落Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、丰富度指数和McIntosh指数的总体趋势为EBF最高, CF和DF次之, AM最低。不同海拔植被带土壤微生物对不同碳源利用强度存在较大差异, 其中EBF利用率最高, AM利用率最低, 碳水化合物和羧酸类碳源是各海拔植被带土壤微生物的主要碳源。主成分分析结果表明, 从31个因素中提取的与碳源利用相关的主成分1、主成分2分别能解释变量方差的75.27%和16.14%, 在主成分分离中起主要贡献作用的是胺类和氨基酸类碳源。土壤微生物群落多样性随着海拔上升、土层加深而逐渐下降的原因, 可能是生物量、林分凋落物、土壤养分、微小动物、植物根系等多种因素共同作用的结果。

关键词: Biolog EcoPlate, 群落多样性, 海拔梯度, 土壤微生物, 武夷山

Abstract:

Aims Soil microbes play a key role in material recycling and energy conversion in forest ecosystems. We studied the functional diversity of microbial communities and soil physical-chemical properties in order to illustrate variations of soil microbial community diversity along an elevational gradient in the Wuyi Mountains of China and influencing factors.
Methods Evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBF), coniferous forest (CF), dwarf forest (DF) and alpine meadow (AM) were chosen as experimental sites along an elevation gradient in the National Natural Reserve of the Wuyi Mountains. We used Biolog EcoPlate analysis to study the functional diversity of microbial communities.
Important findings There were significant differences in functional diversity of microbial communities in different soil elevations. The average well color development (AWCD), which directly reflected microbial activity and functional diversity, increased over time, while AWCD at the same soil depth gradually decreased along with increasing altitude and in the order of EBF > CF > DF > AM. The AWCD of different soil depths for the same vegetation type was in the order of 0-10 cm > 10-25 cm > 25-40 cm. The Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, richness index and McIntosh index of EBF were all higher than AM. There was variation among substrates used by soil microbial communities in different soil elevations. The substrate used in EBF was significantly higher than the substrate used in AM. The carbon sources mostly used by soil microbes were carbohydrates and carboxylic acids, followed by amino acids, phenolic acids and polymers; the lowest was amines. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified two factors in relation to carbon sources; they explained 75.27% and 16.14% of the variation. The carbon sources used by soil microbial communities were different among different vegetation types. Amino acids and amides were the two main carbon sources separating the two principal component factors. Soil microbial community diversity decreased along the elevation gradient and with soil thickness, and vegetative biomass, forest litter, soil nutrient, microzoon and plant roots might be the major factors controlling this diversity.

Key words: Biolog EcoPlate, community diversity, elevation gradient, soil microorganism, Wuyi Mountains

吴则焰,林文雄,陈志芳,方长旬,张志兴,吴林坤,周明明,陈婷. 中亚热带森林土壤微生物群落多样性随海拔梯度的变化[J]. 植物生态学报, 2013, 37(5): 397-406.

WU Ze-Yan,LIN Wen-Xiong,CHEN Zhi-Fang,FANG Chang-Xun,ZHANG Zhi-Xing,WU Lin-Kun,ZHOU Ming-Ming,CHEN Ting. Variations of soil microbial community diversity along an elevational gradient in mid-subtropical forest[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2013, 37(5): 397-406.

图/表 6

参考文献 34

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植被类型 Vegetation type	土壤深度 Soil depth	pH	含水率 Water content (%)	总有机碳 TOC (g·kg^-1)	全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	全磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	全钾 TK (g·kg^-1)
常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad- leaved forest (EBF)	0-10 cm	4.32 ± 0.03^h	39.3 ± 0.35^a	148.23 ± 1.50^a	0.76 ± 0.04^a	0.28 ± 0.01^a	20.68 ± 1.02^a
	10-25 cm	4.47 ± 0.05^fg	37.2 ± 0.25^b	132.19 ± 3.13^b	0.69 ± 0.02^ab	0.21 ± 0.03^b	17.34 ± 0.98^b
	25-40 cm	4.78 ± 0.06^b	35.7 ± 0.31^d	109.76 ± 2.85^e	0.60 ± 0.05^c	0.17 ± 0.04^cd	15.29 ± 1.23^c
针叶林 Coniferous forest (CF)	0-10 cm	4.42 ± 0.02^g	36.8 ± 0.40^c	130.43 ± 2.50^c	0.67 ± 0.03^b	0.20 ± 0.03^bc	17.43 ± 1.42^b
	10-25 cm	4.39 ± 0.05^h	34.1 ± 0.38^e	119.67 ± 3.41^d	0.44 ± 0.05^def	0.17 ± 0.03^cd	14.87 ± 1.04^c
	25-40 cm	4.67 ± 0.03^cd	32.9 ± 0.46^f	101.94 ± 4.69^f	0.41 ± 0.05^de	0.15 ± 0.01^de	11.26 ± 0.94^e
亚高山矮林 Dwarf forest (DF)	0-10 cm	4.50 ± 0.03^e	37.0 ± 0.06^b	120.18 ± 5.52^d	0.49 ± 0.04^d	0.19 ± 0.02^bc	13.25 ± 0.56^d
	10-25 cm	4.63 ± 0.03^d	34.8 ± 0.01^e	107.23 ± 1.91^f	0.37 ± 0.02^fgh	0.14 ± 0.01^def	10.11 ± 0.54^ef
	25-40 cm	4.88 ± 0.05^a	31.8 ± 0.10^g	89.23 ± 1.97^g	0.31 ± 0.04^gh	0.11 ± 0.01^fgh	10.56 ± 0.85^ef
高山草甸 Alpine meadow (AM)	0-10 cm	4.46 ± 0.04^ef	29.4 ± 0.15^h	90.54 ± 0.91^g	0.39 ± 0.03^efg	0.13 ± 0.01^efg	12.90 ± 1.21^d
	10-25 cm	4.51 ± 0.01^e	24.7 ± 0.10ⁱ	81.21 ± 2.19^h	0.28 ± 0.04^h	0.09 ± 0.01^h	10.17 ± 0.45^ef
	25-40 cm	4.74 ± 0.02^bc	22.5 ± 0.36^j	56.78 ± 1.78ⁱ	0.21 ± 0.06ⁱ	0.10 ± 0.01^gh	9.22 ± 0.39^f

植被类型 Vegetation type	土壤深度 Soil depth	pH	含水率 Water content (%)	总有机碳 TOC (g·kg^-1)	全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	全磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	全钾 TK (g·kg^-1)
常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad- leaved forest (EBF)	0-10 cm	4.32 ± 0.03^h	39.3 ± 0.35^a	148.23 ± 1.50^a	0.76 ± 0.04^a	0.28 ± 0.01^a	20.68 ± 1.02^a
	10-25 cm	4.47 ± 0.05^fg	37.2 ± 0.25^b	132.19 ± 3.13^b	0.69 ± 0.02^ab	0.21 ± 0.03^b	17.34 ± 0.98^b
	25-40 cm	4.78 ± 0.06^b	35.7 ± 0.31^d	109.76 ± 2.85^e	0.60 ± 0.05^c	0.17 ± 0.04^cd	15.29 ± 1.23^c
针叶林 Coniferous forest (CF)	0-10 cm	4.42 ± 0.02^g	36.8 ± 0.40^c	130.43 ± 2.50^c	0.67 ± 0.03^b	0.20 ± 0.03^bc	17.43 ± 1.42^b
	10-25 cm	4.39 ± 0.05^h	34.1 ± 0.38^e	119.67 ± 3.41^d	0.44 ± 0.05^def	0.17 ± 0.03^cd	14.87 ± 1.04^c
	25-40 cm	4.67 ± 0.03^cd	32.9 ± 0.46^f	101.94 ± 4.69^f	0.41 ± 0.05^de	0.15 ± 0.01^de	11.26 ± 0.94^e
亚高山矮林 Dwarf forest (DF)	0-10 cm	4.50 ± 0.03^e	37.0 ± 0.06^b	120.18 ± 5.52^d	0.49 ± 0.04^d	0.19 ± 0.02^bc	13.25 ± 0.56^d
	10-25 cm	4.63 ± 0.03^d	34.8 ± 0.01^e	107.23 ± 1.91^f	0.37 ± 0.02^fgh	0.14 ± 0.01^def	10.11 ± 0.54^ef
	25-40 cm	4.88 ± 0.05^a	31.8 ± 0.10^g	89.23 ± 1.97^g	0.31 ± 0.04^gh	0.11 ± 0.01^fgh	10.56 ± 0.85^ef
高山草甸 Alpine meadow (AM)	0-10 cm	4.46 ± 0.04^ef	29.4 ± 0.15^h	90.54 ± 0.91^g	0.39 ± 0.03^efg	0.13 ± 0.01^efg	12.90 ± 1.21^d
	10-25 cm	4.51 ± 0.01^e	24.7 ± 0.10ⁱ	81.21 ± 2.19^h	0.28 ± 0.04^h	0.09 ± 0.01^h	10.17 ± 0.45^ef
	25-40 cm	4.74 ± 0.02^bc	22.5 ± 0.36^j	56.78 ± 1.78ⁱ	0.21 ± 0.06ⁱ	0.10 ± 0.01^gh	9.22 ± 0.39^f

植被类型 Vegetation type	土壤深度 Soil depth	氨基酸类 Amino acid	碳水化合物类Carbohydrate	羧酸类Carboxylic acid	聚合物类Polymer	胺类 Amine	酚酸类 Phenolic acid
常绿阔叶林Evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBF)	0-10 cm	0.67 ± 0.04a	1.23 ± 0.07^a	1.28 ± 0.04^a	0.57 ± 0.01^a	0.21 ± 0.03^a	0.74 ± 0.12^a
	10-25 cm	0.60 ± 0.02^ab	1.19 ± 0.08^ab	1.02 ± 0.02^bc	0.50 ± 0.04^b	0.17 ± 0.03^abc	0.64 ± 0.08^abcd
	25-40 cm	0.49 ± 0.07^de	0.98 ± 0.11^cd	0.83 ± 0.07^ef	0.38 ± 0.03^d	0.13 ± 0.04^cde	0.58 ± 0.01^bcd
针叶林 Coniferous forest (CF)	0-10 cm	0.59 ± 0.04^bc	1.07 ± 0.05^bc	1.08 ± 0.05^b	0.46 ± 0.03^bc	0.20 ± 0.02^ab	0.68 ± 0.08^ab
	10-25 cm	0.48 ± 0.01^fg	0.86 ± 0.09^def	0.92 ± 0.07^de	0.37 ± 0.04^d	0.16 ± 0.04^bcd	0.62 ± 0.01^bcd
	25-40 cm	0.38 ± 0.02^de	0.79 ± 0.04^efg	0.84 ± 0.11^ef	0.28 ± 0.02^e	0.12 ± 0.03^def	0.54 ± 0.02^df
亚高山矮林 Dwarf forest (DF)	0-10 cm	0.52 ± 0.08^cd	0.94 ± 0.07^cde	1.04 ± 0.02^bc	0.45 ± 0.03^c	0.15 ± 0.02^cd	0.66 ± 0.03^abc
	10-25 cm	0.44 ± 0.06^ef	0.81 ± 0.11^efg	0.90 ± 0.04^de	0.31 ± 0.04^e	0.10 ± 0.01^ef	0.59 ± 0.09^bcd
	25-40 cm	0.32 ± 0.02^gh	0.69 ± 0.09^gh	0.73 ± 0.09^gh	0.29 ± 0.03^e	0.08 ± 0.01^fg	0.47 ± 0.05^ef
高山草甸 Alpine meadow (AM)	0-10 cm	0.43 ± 0.04^ef	0.84 ± 0.13^defg	0.98 ± 0.02^cd	0.37 ± 0.01^d	0.13 ± 0.01^cde	0.56 ± 0.06^cde
	10-25 cm	0.33 ± 0.01^g	0.73 ± 0.12^fgh	0.79 ± 0.03^fg	0.31 ± 0.01^e	0.08 ± 0.01^fg	0.44 ± 0.04^fg
	25-40 cm	0.25 ± 0.05^h	0.58 ± 0.11^h	0.64 ± 0.05^h	0.23 ± 0.01^f	0.05 ± 0.01^g	0.34 ± 0.06^g

植被类型 Vegetation type	土壤深度 Soil depth	氨基酸类 Amino acid	碳水化合物类Carbohydrate	羧酸类Carboxylic acid	聚合物类Polymer	胺类 Amine	酚酸类 Phenolic acid
常绿阔叶林Evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBF)	0-10 cm	0.67 ± 0.04a	1.23 ± 0.07^a	1.28 ± 0.04^a	0.57 ± 0.01^a	0.21 ± 0.03^a	0.74 ± 0.12^a
	10-25 cm	0.60 ± 0.02^ab	1.19 ± 0.08^ab	1.02 ± 0.02^bc	0.50 ± 0.04^b	0.17 ± 0.03^abc	0.64 ± 0.08^abcd
	25-40 cm	0.49 ± 0.07^de	0.98 ± 0.11^cd	0.83 ± 0.07^ef	0.38 ± 0.03^d	0.13 ± 0.04^cde	0.58 ± 0.01^bcd
针叶林 Coniferous forest (CF)	0-10 cm	0.59 ± 0.04^bc	1.07 ± 0.05^bc	1.08 ± 0.05^b	0.46 ± 0.03^bc	0.20 ± 0.02^ab	0.68 ± 0.08^ab
	10-25 cm	0.48 ± 0.01^fg	0.86 ± 0.09^def	0.92 ± 0.07^de	0.37 ± 0.04^d	0.16 ± 0.04^bcd	0.62 ± 0.01^bcd
	25-40 cm	0.38 ± 0.02^de	0.79 ± 0.04^efg	0.84 ± 0.11^ef	0.28 ± 0.02^e	0.12 ± 0.03^def	0.54 ± 0.02^df
亚高山矮林 Dwarf forest (DF)	0-10 cm	0.52 ± 0.08^cd	0.94 ± 0.07^cde	1.04 ± 0.02^bc	0.45 ± 0.03^c	0.15 ± 0.02^cd	0.66 ± 0.03^abc
	10-25 cm	0.44 ± 0.06^ef	0.81 ± 0.11^efg	0.90 ± 0.04^de	0.31 ± 0.04^e	0.10 ± 0.01^ef	0.59 ± 0.09^bcd
	25-40 cm	0.32 ± 0.02^gh	0.69 ± 0.09^gh	0.73 ± 0.09^gh	0.29 ± 0.03^e	0.08 ± 0.01^fg	0.47 ± 0.05^ef
高山草甸 Alpine meadow (AM)	0-10 cm	0.43 ± 0.04^ef	0.84 ± 0.13^defg	0.98 ± 0.02^cd	0.37 ± 0.01^d	0.13 ± 0.01^cde	0.56 ± 0.06^cde
	10-25 cm	0.33 ± 0.01^g	0.73 ± 0.12^fgh	0.79 ± 0.03^fg	0.31 ± 0.01^e	0.08 ± 0.01^fg	0.44 ± 0.04^fg
	25-40 cm	0.25 ± 0.05^h	0.58 ± 0.11^h	0.64 ± 0.05^h	0.23 ± 0.01^f	0.05 ± 0.01^g	0.34 ± 0.06^g

植被类型 Vegetation type	Simpson指数 Simpson index	Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index	丰富度指数 Richness index	McIntosh指数 McIntosh index
EBF	0.969 ± 0.002^a	3.558 ± 0.011^a	18.67 ± 1.07^a	0.921 ± 0.013^a
CF	0.948 ± 0.002^b	3.396 ± 0.023^b	16.13 ± 0.96^b	0.868 ± 0.003^b
DF	0.942 ± 0.004^c	3.377 ± 0.032^b	15.58 ± 0.73^b	0.874 ± 0.004^b
AM	0.915 ± 0.003^d	3.096 ± 0.022^c	13.49 ± 1.12^c	0.859 ± 0.002^c