冬季增温和减雪对黄土高原典型草原土壤养分和细菌群落组成的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2021.0085

植物生态学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (8): 891-902.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0085

所属专题：微生物生态学

冬季增温和减雪对黄土高原典型草原土壤养分和细菌群落组成的影响

毛瑾¹, 朵莹¹, 邓军², 程杰³, 程积民⁴, 彭长辉⁴^,⁵, 郭梁⁴^,⁶^,^*()

¹西北农林科技大学草业与草原学院, 陕西杨凌 712100
²宁夏云雾山国家级自然保护区管理局, 宁夏固原 756000
³国家林业和草原局西北调查规划设计院, 西安 710048
⁴西北农林科技大学黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100
⁵魁北克大学蒙特利尔分校环境科学研究所, 加拿大蒙特利尔 H3C 3P8
⁶中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所, 陕西杨凌 712100

收稿日期:2021-03-12 修回日期:2021-05-26 出版日期:2021-08-20 发布日期:2021-05-29
通讯作者: 郭梁
作者简介:* guoliang2014@nwsuaf.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0500700);国家自然科学基金(41701606);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2452020009)

Influences of warming and snow reduction in winter on soil nutrients and bacterial communities composition in a typical grassland of the Loess Plateau

MAO Jin¹, DUO Ying¹, DENG Jun², CHENG Jie³, CHENG Ji-Min⁴, PENG Chang-Hui⁴^,⁵, GUO Liang⁴^,⁶^,^*()

¹College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
²Administration Bureau of Ningxia Yunwushan National Nature Reserve, Guyuan, Ningxia 756000, China
³Northwest Surveying Planning and Designing Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Xiʼan 710048, China
⁴State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
⁵Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada
⁶Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China

Received:2021-03-12 Revised:2021-05-26 Online:2021-08-20 Published:2021-05-29
Contact: GUO Liang
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFC0500700);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41701606);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2452020009)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

冬季增温和积雪变化可改变土壤-微生物系统结构和功能。微生物作为陆地生态系统关键生物因子, 发挥着调控土壤养分循环的重要作用, 并对环境扰动, 特别是冬季气候变化十分敏感。开展半干旱区典型草原土壤养分和微生物特性对冬季气候变化的响应研究, 对预测未来气候变化情景下草地生态过程和功能变化意义重大。该研究以宁夏云雾山国家级自然保护区半干旱草原为研究对象, 于冬季布设增温、减雪、增温减雪互作及对照4种处理, 探究了黄土高原典型草原0-5 cm土层土壤养分、酶活性、土壤细菌群落组成对冬季温度和积雪变化的响应规律。结果表明: (1)冬季增温、减雪及互作均提高了0-5 cm土壤温度, 降低了土壤相对湿度, 但却显著增加了土壤冻融循环次数; (2)与对照相比, 不同处理整体上降低了微生物生物量及其多样性, 降低了土壤β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性, 增加了土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷及铵态氮含量, 硝态氮含量有所下降; (3)研究区土壤细菌以酸杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门、芽单胞菌门为主, 优势菌纲以酸杆菌纲、γ-变形杆菌纲、嗜热油菌纲及σ-变形菌纲为主。冗余分析显示, 速效磷含量对细菌群落构成影响最显著, 对群落变异的解释度为21.3%。总之, 冬季气候变化可通过影响土壤温湿度, 特别是冻融循环进而作用于土壤养分循环、酶活性和土壤细菌多样性变化, 这些结果对丰富和拓展气候变化对草地生态系统影响过程与机制的认识, 准确预测典型草原中长期动态变化具有重要意义。

关键词: 土壤养分, 土壤微生物, 冬季, 增温, 降雪变化

Abstract:

Aims Variations in temperature and snow accumulations in winter will change the structure and function of the soil-microbial system. As a key biological factor in the terrestrial ecosystem, microorganisms play an important role in regulating soil nutrient cycles. However, they are very sensitive to environmental disturbances, especially to winter climate changes. It is in great need to study the response of soil nutrients and microbial properties of typical semi-arid grasslands to climate change in winter, in order to predict the ecological process and functional changes of grassland ecosystem in the long term.
Methods In the present study, the semi-arid grassland in the Yunwushan National Nature Reserve in Ningxia Province was taken as the research object. The four treatments including warming (W), snow reduction (S), interaction of warming and snow reduction (WS), and control (CK) were set to explore the responses of soil nutrients, enzyme activities and soil bacterial communities in the 0-5 cm soil layer of the typical grassland of the Loess Plateau to variations in winter temperature and snow cover.
Important findings Our results indicated that: (1) Warming, snow reduction and their interaction in winter increased the 0-5 cm soil temperature, lowered the relative humidity of the soil, but significantly increased the number of soil freeze-thaw cycles. (2) Compared with the control, other different treatments generally reduced the microbial biomass and bacterial diversity, which led to reduced activity of soil β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP). The content of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and nitrate nitrogen in the soil increased, while the content of nitrate nitrogen decreased. (3) The soil bacterial species in the study area were mainly Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes. The dominant bacteria at the class level included Acidobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, Thermophiles and σ-Proteobacteria. Redundancy analysis (RDA) results showed that available phosphorus (AP) content had the most significant impact on the bacterial community composition, with an explanation rate of 21.3% for the community variation. In conclusion, winter climate change can significantly affect soil temperature and humidity, especially the freezing and thawing cycles, which might further influence soil nutrients cycles, enzyme activities, and soil bacterial diversity. These results are of great significance for enriching and expanding the understanding of the process and mechanism of climate change on grassland ecosystem, as well as predicting the mid and long-term dynamic changes of typical grassland ecosystems.

Key words: soil nutrients, soil microorganisms, winter, warming, changes in snowfall

毛瑾, 朵莹, 邓军, 程杰, 程积民, 彭长辉, 郭梁. 冬季增温和减雪对黄土高原典型草原土壤养分和细菌群落组成的影响. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(8): 891-902. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0085

MAO Jin, DUO Ying, DENG Jun, CHENG Jie, CHENG Ji-Min, PENG Chang-Hui, GUO Liang. Influences of warming and snow reduction in winter on soil nutrients and bacterial communities composition in a typical grassland of the Loess Plateau. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2021, 45(8): 891-902. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0085

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2021.0085

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2021/V45/I8/891

图/表 9

图1 研究布设的遮雪棚及增温装置。

Fig. 1 Snow shelter and warming devices used in the research.

图2 2018年11月至2019年3月不同处理对地下5 cm处土壤温湿度的影响。CK, 对照; S, 减雪; W, 增温; WS, 增温和减雪互作。

Fig. 2 Influence of different treatments on the soil temperature and relative humidity underground 5 cm from November 2018 to March 2019. CK, control; S, snow reduction; W, warming; WS, interaction of warming and snow reduction.

表1 冬季土壤冻融循环次数在不同处理下的比较

Table 1 Comparison of the numbers of soil freeze-thaw cycles under different treatments in winter

处理 Treatment	年份-月份 Year-month	冻融循环次数 Numbers of freeze-thaw cycle	总计 Sum
对照 CK	2018-11	2	29
	2018-12	0
	2019-01	0
	2019-02	8
	2019-03	19
增温 W	2018-11	7	53
	2018-12	22
	2019-01	0
	2019-02	24
	2019-03	0
减雪 S	2018-11	8	51
	2018-12	21
	2019-01	9
	2019-02	13
	2019-03	0
互作 WS	2018-11	2	61
	2018-12	16
	2019-01	14
	2019-02	23
	2019-03	6

表2 土壤理化性质和酶活性在不同处理下的比较(平均值±标准差, n = 4)

Table 2 Comparison of soil physical and chemical properties and enzyme activities under different treatments (means ± SD, n = 4)

土壤指标 Soil indicator	对照 CK	增温 W	减雪 S	互作 WS	F	p
土壤有机碳含量 SOC content (g·kg^-1)	23.66 ± 1.87^b	30.92 ± 0.28^a	25.00 ± 0.94^b	25.15 ± 1.09^b	7.39	*
全氮含量 TN content (g·kg^-1)	2.47 ± 0.06^c	3.03 ± 0.03^a	2.97 ± 0.03^a	2.71 ± 0.02^b	47.28	***
速效磷含量 AP content (mg·kg^-1)	3.30 ± 0.15^c	3.97 ± 0.15^ab	4.17 ± 0.03^a	3.53 ± 0.2^bc	7.23	*
硝态氮含量 NO- 3-N content (mg·kg^-1)	6.33 ± 0.41^a	4.37 ± 0.12^b	6.40 ± 0.55^a	4.83 ± 0.24^b	7.93	**
铵态氮含量 NH+ 4-N content (mg·kg^-1)	3.90 ± 0.41^b	4.03 ± 0.12^b	3.33 ± 0.55^b	5.83 ± 0.24^a	4.73	*
pH	7.51 ± 0.02^a	7.51 ± 0.01^a	7.48 ± 0^a	7.52 ± 0.02^a	1.54	NS
微生物生物量碳含量 MBC content (mg·kg^-1)	820.08 ± 23.97^b	951.73 ± 6.91^a	807.58 ± 48.58^b	696.02 ± 17.49^c	13.33	**
微生物生物量氮含量 MBN content (mg·kg^-1)	63.48 ± 1.51^a	67.57 ± 2.57^a	61.39 ± 9.10^a	54.60 ± 1.26^a	1.26	NS
β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性 BG activity (nmol·g^-1·h^-1)	203.37 ± 16.45^a	211.55 ± 13.82^a	197.87 ± 16.04^ab	157.08 ± 4.32^b	3.19	NS
β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性 NAG activity (nmol·g^-1·h^-1)	76.85 ± 1.67^a	70.94 ± 2.33^a	74.33 ± 5.31^a	56.33 ± 1.63^b	8.64	**
碱性磷酸酶活性 AKP activity (nmol·g^-1·h^-1)	656.61 ± 14.04^a	642.68 ± 46.49^a	586.07 ± 30.72^ab	539.64 ± 4.12^b	3.60	NS

图3 土壤细菌多样性在不同处理下的比较。CK, 对照; S, 减雪; W, 增温; WS, 增温减雪互作。不同小写字母表示不同处理之间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Comparison of soil bacterial diversity under different treatments. CK, control; S, snow reduction; W, warming; WS, interaction of warming and snow reduction. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments (p < 0.05).

图4 不同处理下土壤细菌在不同分类学水平上的相对丰度比较。A, 门水平细菌相对丰度。B, 纲水平细菌相对丰度。CK, 对照; S, 减雪; W, 增温; WS, 增温减雪互作。同一分类群不同小写字母表示不同处理间丰度差异显著(p < 0.05), 标注于对应的分类群相对丰度柱状图中央部位。

Fig. 4 Comparison of the relative abundance of soil bacteria at different taxonomic levels under different experimental treatments. A, Relative abundance of bacteria at phylum level. B, Relative abundance of bacteria at class level. CK, control; S, snow reduction; W, warming; WS, interaction of warming and snow reduction. Different lowercase letters of the same taxon indicate significant differences in abundance between different treatments (p < 0.05). The lowercase letters are marked in the center of the corresponding bar graph of taxon relative abundance.

图5 土壤细菌群落与土壤理化性质的冗余分析(RDA)。AP, 速效磷含量; MBC, 微生物生物量碳含量; MBN, 微生物生物量氮含量; NH4+-N, 铵态氮含量; NO3--N, 硝态氮含量; SOC, 土壤有机碳含量; TN, 全氮含量。蓝色箭头表示门水平下土壤细菌种群分布, 红色箭头表示环境因子。

Fig. 5 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of soil bacterial communities and soil physical and chemical properties. CK, control; S, snow reduction; W, warming; WS, interaction of warming and snow reduction. AP, available phosphorus content; MBC, microbial biomass carbon content; MBN, microbial biomass nitrogen content; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen content; NO3--N, nitrate nitrogen content; SOC, soil organic carbon content; TN, total nitrogen content. The blue arrows indicate the distribution of soil bacterial populations at the phylum level, and the red arrows indicate environmental factors.

表3 土壤细菌多样性和各分类群丰度与土壤理化性质和酶活性的Pearson相关性分析

Table 3 Pearson correlation coefficients of soil bacterial diversity and abundance of various taxon with soil physical and chemical properties and enzyme activities

	Sha.	Chao1	Ric.	Aci.	Pro.	Act.	Gem.	Chl.	Pla.	Rok.	Ver.	Bac.
SOC	0.23	-0.26	-0.06	-0.36	0.19	0.36	-0.16	-0.09	-0.13	-0.14	0.19	0.22
TN	0.12	-0.14	-0.07	-0.23	0.36	0.17	-0.42	-0.05	-0.05	0.21	-0.09	0.00
AP	0.15	0.11	0.19	0.43	0.46	-0.28	-0.32	-0.10	-0.11	0.32	0.11	-0.02
NO- 3-N	0.47	0.80^*	0.78^**	0.54^*	0.32	-0.02	-0.08	-0.48	-0.16	-0.22	-0.23	-0.11
NH+ 4-N	-0.58^*	-0.45	-0.55^*	-0.27	-0.25	-0.20	-0.06	0.65^**	-0.02	0.39	0.48	0.09
pH	-0.08	-0.10	-0.19	0.01	0.02	-0.27	-0.01	-0.14	0.54^*	-0.10	-0.35	0.35
MBC	0.56^*	0.22	0.43	-0.07	0.38	0.43	-0.02	-0.54^*	-0.14	-0.43	-0.15	0.25
MBN	0.63^**	0.27	0.51^*	-0.16	0.70^**	0.16	-0.33	-0.40	0.04	-0.26	-0.20	0.40
BG	0.77^**	0.42	0.70^**	0.06	0.47	0.27	-0.11	-0.62^*	0.02	-0.47	-0.24	0.25
NAG	0.49	0.31	0.54^*	0.38	0.42	-0.01	0.05	-0.41	-0.12	-0.19	-0.20	0.04
AKP	0.56^*	0.35	0.49	-0.02	0.18	0.51^*	0.22	-0.61^*	-0.25	-0.66^**	-0.05	0.21

图6 冬季增温、减雪及其互作影响土壤微生物群落、酶活性及养分有效性的潜在途径。SOC, 土壤有机碳; TN, 土壤全氮。图中红色粗箭头代表该指标含量或频率的变化。

Fig. 6 Potential influencing paths of soil warming, snow reduction and interactions between the above two treatments on soil microbial community, enzyme activity, and nutrient availability. SOC, soil organic carbon; TN, soil total nitrogen. The thick red arrow in the figure represents the change in the content or frequency of the index.

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冬季增温和减雪对黄土高原典型草原土壤养分和细菌群落组成的影响

Influences of warming and snow reduction in winter on soil nutrients and bacterial communities composition in a typical grassland of the Loess Plateau

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