Early responses of vegetation and soil organic carbon to waterlogging and winter wildfire on abandoned red paddy soils

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00058

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Large tracts of land have been abandoned since last century and the trend continues. Our objectives were to seek an effective solution for facilitating plant diversity on abandoned red paddy soils at an early stage, and to investigate the dynamics of soil organic carbon in relation to changes in vegetation.
Methods The experiment consisted of four treatments, including control (no disturbance from human activities), waterlogging, winter wildfire, and a combination of waterlogging and winter wildfire. Measurements were made in each treatment within quadrate sampling method. In each quadrate, the maximum plant height, density, coverage, and composition were surveyed and recorded by species. The above and belowground biomass and soil organic carbon content were determined with the methods of harvesting, soil coring, and K₂Cr₂O₇calefaction, respectively.
Important findings The results showed that waterlogging and winter wildfire significantly altered the vegetation richness, evenness, diversity, and species composition on the abandoned red paddy soils at the early stage. Paspalum paspaloides and Murdannia triquetra were the dominant plant species when the abandoned paddies had suffered waterlogging for the first few years, and Microstegium vimineum was the dominant species on sites experienced winter wildfire. Bidens frondosa was a co-dominant species in all the treatments. Compared with the control, the belowground biomass at the depth of 0-20 cm was increased by 49.84%, 73.34%, and 28.94%, respectively, in the waterlogging treatment in the year 2011, 2012 and 2013, and the aboveground biomass was increased by 25.74%, 64.30%, and 50.24%, respectively, in the winter wildfire treatment. The roots collected from the upper 5 cm soil layer accounted for 66.50%-80.34% of the total from the 0-20 cm layer. Winter wildfire resulted in greater values in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index of the vegetation. Different from the uptrend before abandonment, the soil organic carbon in the treatments of control, waterlogging, winter wildfire, and a combination of waterlogging and winter wildfire was reduced by 11.16%, 18.99%, 9.17%, and 19.12%, respectively, after six years of abandonment, and it was significantly lower in the waterlogging treatment (p < 0.05). Plant species richness, evenness, diversity, composition, biomass, and soil organic carbon all had strong relationships with waterlogging and winter wildfire on abandoned red paddy soils (p < 0.05).

Key words: abandonment, biomass, dominant species, red paddy soil, soil organic carbon

TIAN Wen-Wen,WANG Wei,CHEN An-Lei,LI Yu-Yuan,LI Yan-Yong,XIE Xiao-Li. Early responses of vegetation and soil organic carbon to waterlogging and winter wildfire on abandoned red paddy soils[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2014, 38(6): 626-634.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00058

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2014/V38/I6/626

Figures/Tables 7

References 33

[1]	Aide T, Grau H (2004). Globalization, migration, Latin American ecosystems. Science, 305, 1915-1916. DOI URL PMID
[2]	Alberti G, Leronni V, Piazzi M, Petrella F, Mairota P, Peressotti A, Piussi P, Valentini R, Gristina L, La Mantia T, Novara A, Ruhl J (2011). Impact of woody encroachment on soil organic carbon and nitrogen in abandoned agricultural lands along a rainfall gradient in Italy. Regional Environmental Change, 11, 917-924. DOI URL
[3]	Aydinsakir K, Erdal S, Buyuktas D, Bastug R, Toker R (2013). The influence of regular deficit irrigation applications on water use, yield, and quality components of two corn (Zea mays L.) genotypes. Agricultural Water Management, 128, 65-71. DOI URL
[4]	Bao SD (1986). Agriculture Soil Analysis. 3rd edn. China Agriculture Press, Beijing. 33. (in Chinese)
	[ 鲍士旦 (1986). 土壤农化分析. 第三版. 中国农业出版社, 北京. 33.]
[5]	Behling H, Pillar VD, Bauermann SG (2005). Late Quaternary grassland (Campos), gallery forest, fire and climate dynamics, studied by pollen, charcoal and multivariate analysis of the São Francisco de Assis core in western Rio Grande do Sul (southern Brazil). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 133, 235-248. DOI URL
[6]	Benayas JMR, Bullock JM, Newton AC (2008). Creating woodland islets to reconcile ecological restoration, conservation, and agricultural land use. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 6, 329-336. DOI URL
[7]	Berger S, Jang I, Seo J, Kang H, Gebauer G (2013). A record of N₂O and CH₄ emissions and underlying soil processes of Korean rice paddies as affected by different water management practices. Biogeochemistry, 115, 317-332. DOI URL
[8]	Brewer SW, Webb MA (2001). Ignorant seed predators and factors affecting the seed survival of a tropical palm. Oikos, 93, 32-41. DOI URL
[9]	Cayuela L, Benayas JMR, Maestre FT, Escudero A (2008). Early environments drive diversity and floristic composition in Mediterranean old fields: insights from a long-term experiment. Acta Oecologica, 34, 311-321. DOI URL
[10]	de Luis M, Raventós J, González-Hidalgo JC (2006). Post-fire vegetation succession in Mediterranean gorse shrublands. Acta Oecologica, 30, 54-61. DOI URL
[11]	Flematti GR, Merritt DJ, Piggott MJ, Trengove RD, Smith SM, Dixon KW, Ghisalberti EL (2011). Burning vegetation produces cyanohydrins that liberate cyanide and stimulate seed germination. Nature Communications, 2, 360. DOI URL PMID
[12]	Funk JL, Vitousek PM (2007). Resource-use efficiency and plant invasion in low-resource systems. Nature, 446, 1079-1081. DOI URL PMID
[13]	Guo L, Gifford R (2002). Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis. Global Change Biology, 8, 345-360. DOI URL
[14]	Hao XH, Liu SL, Tong CL, Su YR, Wu JS, Hu RG (2007). The influence of long-term fertilization on microbial biomass nitrogen and organic nitrogen fractions in paddy soil. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 40, 757-764. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 郝晓晖, 刘守龙, 童成立, 苏以荣, 吴金水, 胡荣桂 (2007). 长期施肥对两种稻田土壤微生物量氮及有机氮组分的影响. 中国农业科学, 40, 757-764.]
[15]	Hardison JR (1976). Fire and flame for plant disease control. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 14, 355-379. DOI URL
[16]	Harrison A, Howard P, Howard D, Howard D, Hornung M (1995). Carbon storage in forest soils. Forestry, 68, 335-348. DOI URL
[17]	Harrison S, Inouye B, Safford H (2003). Ecological heterogeneity in the effects of grazing and fire on grassland diversity. Conservation Biology, 17, 837-845. DOI URL
[18]	Harris W, Boutton T, Ansley R (2008). Plant community and soil microbial carbon and nitrogen responses to fire and clipping in a southern mixed grassland. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 61, 580-587.
[19]	Hobbs RJ, Huenneke LF (1992). Disturbance, diversity, and invasion: implications for conservation. Conservation Biology, 6, 324-337. DOI URL
[20]	Howe HF (1995). Succession fire season in experimental prairie plantings. Ecology, 76, 1917-1925. DOI URL
[21]	Huang ZH, Wu CF, Du XJ (2009). Empirical study of cultivated land and change and socio-economic factors in China. Journal of Natural Resources, 24, 192-199. (in Chinese) DOI URL
	[ 黄忠华, 吴次芳, 杜雪君 (2009). 我国耕地变化与社会经济因素的实证分析. 自然资源学报, 24, 192-199.] DOI URL
[22]	Jiao JY, Tzanopoulos J, Xofis P, Mitchley J (2008). Factors affecting distribution of vegetation types on abandoned cropland in the hilly-gullied Loess Plateau region of China. Pedosphere, 18, 24-33. DOI URL
[23]	Liang Y, Zhang B, Pan XZ, Shi DM (2008). Current status and comprehensive control strategies of soil erosion for hilly region in the Southern China. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 6, 22-27. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 梁音, 张斌, 潘贤章, 史德明 (2008). 南方红壤丘陵区水土流失现状与综合治理对策. 中国水土保持科学, 6, 22-27.]
[24]	Lü AF, Tian HQ (2007). Interaction among climatic change, fire disturbance and ecosystem productivity. Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version), 31, 242-251. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 吕爱锋, 田汉勤 (2007). 气候变化、火干扰与生态系统生产力. 植物生态学报, 31, 242-251.]
[25]	Paul K, Polglase P, Nyakuengama J, Khanna P (2002). Change in soil carbon following afforestation. Forest Ecology and Management, 168, 241-257. DOI URL
[26]	Sparks JC, Masters RE, Engle DM, Palmer MW, Bukenhofer GA (1998). Effects of late growing-season and late dormant-season prescribed fire on herbaceous vegetation in restored pine-grassland communities. Journal of Vegetation Science, 9, 133-142. DOI URL
[27]	Sun RY, Li QF, Niu CJ (2002). Fundmental Ecology. 2nd edn. Higher Education Press, Beijing. 43. (in Chinese)
	[ 孙儒泳, 李庆芬, 牛翠娟 (2002). 基础生态学. 第二版. 高等教育出版社, 北京. 43.]
[28]	Vázquez-Yanes C, Orozco Segovia A, Rincón E, Sanchez- Coronado M, Huante P, Toledo J, Barradas V (1990). Light beneath the litter in a tropical forest: effect on seed germination. Ecology, 71, 1952-1958. DOI URL
[29]	van Bodegom PM, Sorrell BK, Oosthoek A, Bakker C, Aerts R (2008). Separating the effects of partial submergence and soil oxygen demand on plant physiology. Ecology, 89, 193-204. URL PMID
[30]	Wang XH, Lu YL, Liao DR, Li HY, Yu LQ, Qiu RH (2011). Biological characteristics, occurrence, damage and control of Paspalum distichum in rice field. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 23, 121-124. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王修慧, 陆永良, 廖冬如, 李浩元, 余柳青, 邱任华 (2011). 稻田双穗雀稗生物学特性、发生危害及防控. 江西农业学报, 23, 121-124.]
[31]	Wang YH, Su YR, Li Y, Wu JS, Zheng H, Zhu HH, Hu LN (2011). Characteristic and difference of soil organic carbon after straw returned to the paddies and nonirrigated farmlands. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 48, 979-987. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王嫒华, 苏以荣, 李杨, 吴金水, 郑华, 朱捍华, 胡乐宁 (2011). 稻草还田条件下水田和旱地土壤有机碳矿化特征与差异. 土壤学报, 48, 979-987.]
[32]	Zhang C, Liu GB, Xue S, Zhang CS (2012). Rhizosphere soil microbial properties on abandoned croplands in the Loess Plateau, China during vegetation succession. European Journal of Soil Biology, 50, 127-136. DOI URL
[33]	Zhang CH, Zhang LM, Liu XR, Xin XP, Li SG (2011). Root tissue and shoot litter decomposition of dominant species Stipa baicalensis in Hulun Buir meadow steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 35, 1156-1166. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	[ 张彩虹, 张雷明, 刘杏认, 辛晓平, 李胜功 (2011). 呼伦贝尔草甸草原优势种贝加尔针茅根系组织和地上部分凋落物的分解. 植物生态学报, 35, 1156-1166.] DOI URL

处理 Treatment	年份 Year	积水 Waterlogging	冬季火烧 Winter wildfire	积水-冬季火烧 Combination of waterlogging and winter wildfire
对照 Control	2012	0.81	0.80	0.64
对照 Control	2013	0.41	0.58	0.46
积水 Waterlogging	2012		0.88	0.78
积水 Waterlogging	2013		0.62	0.60
冬季火烧 Winter wildfire	2012			0.69
冬季火烧 Winter wildfire	2013			0.52

处理 Treatment	年份 Year	积水 Waterlogging	冬季火烧 Winter wildfire	积水-冬季火烧 Combination of waterlogging and winter wildfire
对照 Control	2012	0.81	0.80	0.64
对照 Control	2013	0.41	0.58	0.46
积水 Waterlogging	2012		0.88	0.78
积水 Waterlogging	2013		0.62	0.60
冬季火烧 Winter wildfire	2012			0.69
冬季火烧 Winter wildfire	2013			0.52

物种 Species	IV (2012)				IV (2013)
物种 Species	CK	RF	WB	RFWB	CK	RF	WB	RFWB
双穗雀稗 Paspalum paspaloides	0.02	0.22	0.04	0.30	0	0.19	0.03	0.14
水竹叶 Murdannia triquetra	0.04	0.09	0.05	0.14	0.04	0.09	0.05	0.21
大狼杷草 Bidens frondosa	0.11	0.22	0.17	0.10	0.12	0.22	0.10	0.13
心叶荆芥 Nepeta fordii	0.06	0.06	0.09	0.08	0.05	0.06	0.05	0.07
辣蓼 Polygonum flaccidum	0.05	0.06	0.08	0.11	0.06	0.07	0.05	0.07
碎米莎草 Cyperus iria	0.03	0.05	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.05
稗 Echinochloa crusgalli	0	0	0	0.03	0	0	0.02	0.04
柔枝莠竹 Microstegium vimineum	0.35	0.15	0.33	0.04	0.34	0.15	0.33	0.04
牛毛毡 Heleocharis yokoscensis	0.02	0.03	0	0	0	0.03	0.01	0.04
空心莲子草 Alternanthera philoxeroides	0.05	0.09	0.06	0	0.03	0.10	0.03	0
猪毛草 Scirpus wallichii	0	0	0	0.03	0	0.04	0.01	0.05
杠板归 Polygonum perfoliatum	0.07	0	0.07	0	0.08	0	0.04	0
白茅 Imperata cylindrica	0.05	0	0	0	0.04	0	0	0
芒 Miscanthus sinensis	0.04	0	0	0	0.04	0	0	0
细花莴苣 Lactuca graciliflora	0.04	0	0	0	0	0	0.05	0
宽叶香蒲 Typha latifolia	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.01	0
狭叶母草 Lindernia angustifolia	0	0	0	0	0.01	0	0	0.03
宽叶母草 Lindernia nummularifolia	0	0	0	0	0.01	0	0.01	0.01
圆叶节节菜 Rotala rotundifolia	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.01
白花蛇舌草 Hedyotis diffusa	0	0	0.02	0	0	0	0.01	0
鳢肠 Eclipta prostrata	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.02
积雪草 Centella asiatica	0	0	0	0	0.01	0	0	0
丁香蓼 Ludwigia prostrate	0	0	0.03	0	0.01	0	0	0.01
地耳草 Hypericum japonicum	0	0	0	0	0.02	0	0	0
破铜钱 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides	0	0	0	0.10	0	0	0	0.02
鸡眼草 Kummerowia striata	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.03	0
鸭舌草 Monochoria vaginalis	0	0	0	0.01	0	0	0	0.01
一年蓬 Erigeron annuus	0	0.03	0	0	0	0	0.03	0
海金沙 Lygodium japomicum	0.02	0	0	0	0.01	0	0	0

物种 Species	IV (2012)				IV (2013)
物种 Species	CK	RF	WB	RFWB	CK	RF	WB	RFWB
双穗雀稗 Paspalum paspaloides	0.02	0.22	0.04	0.30	0	0.19	0.03	0.14
水竹叶 Murdannia triquetra	0.04	0.09	0.05	0.14	0.04	0.09	0.05	0.21
大狼杷草 Bidens frondosa	0.11	0.22	0.17	0.10	0.12	0.22	0.10	0.13
心叶荆芥 Nepeta fordii	0.06	0.06	0.09	0.08	0.05	0.06	0.05	0.07
辣蓼 Polygonum flaccidum	0.05	0.06	0.08	0.11	0.06	0.07	0.05	0.07
碎米莎草 Cyperus iria	0.03	0.05	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.05
稗 Echinochloa crusgalli	0	0	0	0.03	0	0	0.02	0.04
柔枝莠竹 Microstegium vimineum	0.35	0.15	0.33	0.04	0.34	0.15	0.33	0.04
牛毛毡 Heleocharis yokoscensis	0.02	0.03	0	0	0	0.03	0.01	0.04
空心莲子草 Alternanthera philoxeroides	0.05	0.09	0.06	0	0.03	0.10	0.03	0
猪毛草 Scirpus wallichii	0	0	0	0.03	0	0.04	0.01	0.05
杠板归 Polygonum perfoliatum	0.07	0	0.07	0	0.08	0	0.04	0
白茅 Imperata cylindrica	0.05	0	0	0	0.04	0	0	0
芒 Miscanthus sinensis	0.04	0	0	0	0.04	0	0	0
细花莴苣 Lactuca graciliflora	0.04	0	0	0	0	0	0.05	0
宽叶香蒲 Typha latifolia	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.01	0
狭叶母草 Lindernia angustifolia	0	0	0	0	0.01	0	0	0.03
宽叶母草 Lindernia nummularifolia	0	0	0	0	0.01	0	0.01	0.01
圆叶节节菜 Rotala rotundifolia	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.01
白花蛇舌草 Hedyotis diffusa	0	0	0.02	0	0	0	0.01	0
鳢肠 Eclipta prostrata	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.02
积雪草 Centella asiatica	0	0	0	0	0.01	0	0	0
丁香蓼 Ludwigia prostrate	0	0	0.03	0	0.01	0	0	0.01
地耳草 Hypericum japonicum	0	0	0	0	0.02	0	0	0
破铜钱 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides	0	0	0	0.10	0	0	0	0.02
鸡眼草 Kummerowia striata	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.03	0
鸭舌草 Monochoria vaginalis	0	0	0	0.01	0	0	0	0.01
一年蓬 Erigeron annuus	0	0.03	0	0	0	0	0.03	0
海金沙 Lygodium japomicum	0.02	0	0	0	0.01	0	0	0

年 Year	处理 Treatment	物种数 Number of species	Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index	均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	丰富度指数 Margalef index
2012	CK	9.00 ± 1.03^ab	1.90 ± 0.10^a	0.90 ± 0.05^b	0.83 ± 0.06^a
	RF	7.40 ± 0.51^b	1.83 ± 0.09^a	0.92 ± 0.03^ab	0.77 ± 0.07^a
	WB	9.40 ± 1.12^a	1.93 ± 0.10^a	0.97 ± 0.05^ab	1.03 ± 0.14^a
	RFWB	8.00 ± 0.45^ab	1.90 ± 0.04^a	1.04 ± 0.03^a	0.96 ± 0.05^a
2013	CK	9.60 ± 0.45^bc	1.96 ± 0.04^ab	0.85 ± 0.04^ab	1.06 ± 0.13^ab
	RF	7.60 ± 0.51^c	1.84 ± 0.07^b	0.91 ± 0.02^a	0.85 ± 0.07^b
	WB	12.60 ± 0.93^a	2.14 ± 0.11^a	0.77 ± 0.04^b	1.21 ± 0.11^a
	RFWB	11.00 ± 0.45^ab	2.16 ± 0.04^a	0.79 ± 0.03^b	1.08 ± 0.07^ab