Effects of nitrogen addition on soil respiration in shrublands in Mt. Dongling, Beijing, China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2016.0085

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Soil respiration from terrestrial ecosystems is an important component of terrestrial carbon budgets. Compared to forests, natural or semi-natural shrublands are mostly distributed in nutrient-poor sites, and usually considered to be relatively vulnerable to environmental changes. Increased nitrogen (N) input to ecosystems may remarkably influence soil respiration in shrublands. So far the effects of N deposition on shrubland soil respiration are poorly understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the soil respiration of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands and their response to N deposition.
Methods We carried out a N enrichment experiment in V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands in Mt. Dongling, Beijing, with four N addition levels (N₀, control, 0; N₁, low N, 20 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1; N₂, medium N, 50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1and N₃, high N, 100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1). Respiration was measured from 2012-2013 within all treatments.
Important findings Under natural conditions, annual total and heterotrophic respiration were 5.91 and 4.23, 5.76 and 3.53 t C·hm^-2·a^-1 for the V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands, respectively and both were not affected by short-term N addition. In both shrubland types, soil respiration rate exhibited significant exponential relationships with soil temperature. Temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of total soil respiration in V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands ranged from 1.44 to 1.58 and 1.43 to 1.98, and Q₁₀ of heterotrophic soil respiration ranged from 1.38 to 2.11 and 1.49 to 1.88, respectively. Short-term N addition decreased only autotrophic respiration rate during the growing season, but had no significant effects on total and heterotrophic soil respiration in V. negundo var. heterophylla shrubland. In contrast, N addition enhanced the heterotrophic soil respiration rate and did not influence autotrophic and total soil respiration in S. salicifolia shrubland.

http://jtp.cnki.net/bilingual/detail/html/ZWSB201701010

Key words: nitrogen deposition, soil respiration, carbon cycle, temperature sensitivity, temperate shrublands

Jian-Hua ZHANG, Zhi-Yao TANG, Hai-Hua SHEN, Jing-Yun FANG. Effects of nitrogen addition on soil respiration in shrublands in Mt. Dongling, Beijing, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2017, 41(1): 81-94.

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2017/V41/I1/81

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1 Topography, soil and vegetation characteristics of the experimental sites (mean ± SE, n = 3)

项目 Item	荆条灌丛 Vitex negundo var. heterophylla shrubland	绣线菊灌丛 Spiraea salicifolia shrubland
地形和气候 Topography and climate
海拔 Elevation (m)	791	1 170
坡向 Aspect	南 South	南 South
坡度 Slope (°)	28	25
年平均气温 Mean annual temperature (℃)	12.3	9.2
表层土壤特征 Top soil property
土壤pH值 Soil pH value	8.7	8.9
总碳 Total carbon (mg·g^-1)	28.88 (±2.10)	39.50 (±5.03)
总氮 Total nitrogen (mg·g^-1)	2.72 (±0.32)	2.29 (±0.36)
总磷 Total phosphorous (mg·g^-1)	0.47 (±0.04)	0.48 (±0.03)
无机氮 Inorganic nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	6.01 (±2.38)	2.51 (±2.88)
速效磷 Available phosphorous (mg·kg^-1)	1.03 (±0.09)	1.38 (±0.77)
群落特征 Community characteristics
灌木高度 Shrub height (cm)	78.1 (±12.37)	79.8 (±7.43)
平均基径 Average base diameter (cm)	0.77 (±1.77)	0.56 (±0.04)
灌木密度 Shrub density (stems·hm^-2)	1.6 × 10⁵	3.6 × 10⁵
灌木层优势种 Dominant species of shrub layer	荆条 Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, 河蒴荛花 Wikstroemia chamaedaphne	绣线菊 Spiraea salicifolia
草本层优势种 Dominant species of herb layer	细叶薹草 Carex duriuscula subsp. stenophylloides	细叶薹草 Carex duriuscula subsp. stenophylloides
干扰程度 Levels of disturbance	轻度干扰 Light disturbance	轻度干扰 Light disturbance

Fig. 1 Experimental design in shrublands on Mt. Dongling, Beijing, northern China. A, Schematic diagram of Quadrats. B, Schematic diagram of Collar rings. N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

Fig. 2 Influence of different nitrogen addition on the soil total respiration (Rs), autotrophic respiration (Ra) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh) of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla (left) and Spiraea salicifolia (right) shrublands (mean ± SE). N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

Table 2 Two-way ANOVA test results for the effects of time and nitrogen addition treatments on total soil respiration (Rs), heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and autotrophic respiration rate (Ra) in Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands

	自由度 Degree of freedom	R_s		R_h		R_a
	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	p	F	p	F	p
荆条灌丛 Vitex negundo var. heterophylla shrubland
处理 Treatment	3	1.51	0.218	0.33	0.807	3.33	0.024
时间 Time¹⁾	9	52.49	<0.001	33.18	<0.001	14.60	<0.001
处理×时间 Treatment × Time	27	0.42	0.994	0.45	0.989	0.88	0.631
绣线菊灌丛 Spiraea salicifolia shrubland
处理 Treatment	3	1.49	0.224	4.43	0.006	0.42	0.740
时间 Time	9	88.65	<0.001	42.90	<0.001	7.25	<0.001
处理×时间 Treatment × Time	27	0.39	0.996	0.49	0.980	0.32	0.999

Fig. 3 Relationship between total soil respiration (Rs) and soil temperature in Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands under different nitrogen addition treatments. N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

Fig. 4 Relationship between total soil respiration (Rs) and soil moisture in Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands under different nitrogen addition treatments. N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

Table 3 Models (R = aeKt) for the relationship between total and component of soil respiration (R, μmol CO2·m-2·s-1) and soil temperature 5 cm under the surface

灌丛类型 Shrubland type	呼吸组分 Respiration component	处理 Treatment	n	R²	参数 Parameter
灌丛类型 Shrubland type	呼吸组分 Respiration component	处理 Treatment	n	R²	a	K	Q₁₀
荆条 Vitex negundo var. heterophylla	土壤总呼吸	N₀	217	0.13	1.322	0.042	1.52
	Total soil respiration	N₁	227	0.08	0.878	0.046	1.58
		N₂	231	0.13	1.296	0.036	1.44
		N₃	234	0.12	1.109	0.044	1.55
	异养呼吸	N₀	220	0.20	1.183	0.035	1.42
	Heterotrophic respiration	N₁	221	0.26	0.327	0.075	2.11
		N₂	224	0.14	1.137	0.032	1.38
		N₃	242	0.18	0.594	0.058	1.78
绣线菊 Spiraea salicifolia	土壤总呼吸	N₀	228	0.28	1.192	0.043	1.54
	Total soil respiration	N₁	218	0.16	1.445	0.036	1.43
		N₂	232	0.39	0.678	0.069	1.98
		N₃	216	0.15	1.609	0.037	1.44
	异养呼吸	N₀	224	0.33	0.753	0.049	1.63
	Heterotrophic respiration	N₁	221	0.22	1.003	0.040	1.49
		N₂	234	0.39	0.666	0.063	1.88
		N₃	213	0.31	0.942	0.047	1.59

Fig. 5 Relationship between soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and soil temperature in Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands under different nitrogen addition treatments. N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

Fig. 6 Relationship between soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and soil moisture in Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands under different nitrogen addition treatments. N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

Fig. 7 Influence of nitrogen addition on soil heterotrophic (Rh) and total (Rs) respiration in Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands (mean ± SE). The same letter a and b indicate no significant (p > 0.05) among treatments. N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

Fig. 8 Influence of nitrogen addition on contributions of heterotrophic respiration to total soil respiration (Rh/Rs) in Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands (mean ± SE). The same letter a and b indicate no significant (p > 0.05) among treatments. N0, N1, N2 and N3 denote control (0 kg N·hm-2·a-1), low (20 kg N·hm-2·a-1), medium (50 kg N·hm-2·a-1), and high (100 kg N·hm-2·a-1) nitrogen addition, respectively.

Table 4 Annual flux of soil total (Rs) and heterotrophic (Rh) respiration (t C·hm-2·a-1) in 2013 under different nitrogen addition treatments (mean ± SE, n = 3)

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