Characteristics of plant functional groups and the relationships with soil environmental factors in middle part of northern slope of Tianshan Mountains under different grazing intensities

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2023.0225

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Despite grazing being a significant driving factor for grassland ecosystems, it remains uncertain whether the responses of grassland plant communities and functional groups to soil variables remain consistent across grazing intensity gradients.

Methods This study conducted field plant community surveys in the middle part of the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains, and lab soil analysis. It aimed to analyze the impact of grazing on plant communities and functional groups, as well as reveal differences in their responses to soil factors under grazing intensity.

Important findings The results indicated that perennial grasses and sedges were the main dominant functional groups in light grazing and no grazing sites. However, heavy grazing sites had poisonous grasses as dominant functional groups, with Achnatherum inebrians being the dominant species. Light grazing significantly increased above-ground biomass for functional groups such as perennial grasses, legumes, sedges, and forbs while notably decreased for poison grasses compared to heavy grazing along the gradient. In terms of functional group diversity, Shannon-Wiener index, Margalef index, and Pielou index were significantly higher under light grazing than heavy grazing; however, Simpson index did not show significant differences between different levels of grazing intensity. Results from redundancy analysis, Mantel test, and structural equation models demonstrated significant correlations between plant community characteristics (including functional groups), community diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener index), and various soil factors such as organic carbon content, available nitrogen content, available potassium content, total phosphorus content, total potassium content, soil density, soil water content. Grazing directly exerted a significant negative impact on grassland height, coverage, density, aboveground biomass, diversity within both plant communities and functional groups. The soil density increase and soil nutrient reduction caused by grazing can also impact community height, coverage, density, above-ground biomass, as well as the diversity of plant community and functional groups. In summary, soil factors played a pivotal role in maintaining the stable growth of grassland plant communities amidst grazing disturbance in middle part of northern slope of Tianshan Mountains. The findings provide a scientific foundation for the rational utilization of grassland plant resources in Xinjiang.

Key words: grazing, plant functional group, soil factor, Mantel test, structural equation modeling

JIANG Kang-Wei, ZHANG Qing-Qing, WANG Ya-Fei, LI Hong, DING Yu, YANG Yong-Qiang, Tuerxunnayi REYIMU. Characteristics of plant functional groups and the relationships with soil environmental factors in middle part of northern slope of Tianshan Mountains under different grazing intensities[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2024, 48(6): 701-718.

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Figures/Tables 11

References 81

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放牧强度 Grazing intensity	植物优势种 Dominant plant species	高度 Height (cm)	盖度 Coverage (%)	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g·m^-2)
对照 No grazing	针茅、羊茅、草地早熟禾 Stipa capillata, Festuca ovina, Poa pratensis	24.83 ± 2.86	84.20 ± 3.51	223.89 ± 14.36
轻度放牧 Light grazing	细果薹草、针茅、无芒雀麦 Carex stenocarpa, Stipa capillata, Bromus inermis	18.12 ± 2.15	92.20 ± 5.23	186.75 ± 16.73
重度放牧 Heavy grazing	醉马草、细果薹草、平车前 Achnatherum inebrians, Carex stenocarpa, Plantago depressa	11.53 ± 1.68	63.17 ± 3.76	78.24 ± 6.91

放牧强度 Grazing intensity	植物优势种 Dominant plant species	高度 Height (cm)	盖度 Coverage (%)	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g·m^-2)
对照 No grazing	针茅、羊茅、草地早熟禾 Stipa capillata, Festuca ovina, Poa pratensis	24.83 ± 2.86	84.20 ± 3.51	223.89 ± 14.36
轻度放牧 Light grazing	细果薹草、针茅、无芒雀麦 Carex stenocarpa, Stipa capillata, Bromus inermis	18.12 ± 2.15	92.20 ± 5.23	186.75 ± 16.73
重度放牧 Heavy grazing	醉马草、细果薹草、平车前 Achnatherum inebrians, Carex stenocarpa, Plantago depressa	11.53 ± 1.68	63.17 ± 3.76	78.24 ± 6.91

指标 Indicator	测定方法 Determination method
土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon content	重铬酸钾-浓硫酸外加热法 Potassium dichromate-concentrated sulfuric acid external heating method
土壤全氮含量 Soil total nitrogen content	凯氏定氮法 Kjeldahl method
土壤全磷含量 Soil total phosphorus content	氢氧化钠碱熔-钼锑抗比色法 Sodium hydroxide alkali fusion-molybdenum antimony colorimetric method
土壤全钾含量 Soil total potassium content	氢氧化钠碱熔-火焰光度法 Sodium hydroxide alkali fusion-flame photometric method
土壤速效氮含量 Soil available nitrogen content	氢氧化钠碱解扩散法 Sodium hydroxide alkaline diffusion method
土壤速效磷含量 Soil available phosphorus content	碳酸氢钠浸提-钼锑抗比色法 Sodium bicarbonate extraction-molybdenum antimony colorimetric method
土壤速效钾含量 Soil available potassium content	醋酸铵浸提-火焰光度法 Ammonium acetate extraction-flame photometric method
土壤密度 Soil density	环刀法 Ring knife method
土壤含水量 Soil water content	烘干称质量法 Drying and weighing method
土壤pH Soil pH	电位法(水土质量比5:1) Potentiometric method (water-soil mass ratio 5:1)

指标 Indicator	测定方法 Determination method
土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon content	重铬酸钾-浓硫酸外加热法 Potassium dichromate-concentrated sulfuric acid external heating method
土壤全氮含量 Soil total nitrogen content	凯氏定氮法 Kjeldahl method
土壤全磷含量 Soil total phosphorus content	氢氧化钠碱熔-钼锑抗比色法 Sodium hydroxide alkali fusion-molybdenum antimony colorimetric method
土壤全钾含量 Soil total potassium content	氢氧化钠碱熔-火焰光度法 Sodium hydroxide alkali fusion-flame photometric method
土壤速效氮含量 Soil available nitrogen content	氢氧化钠碱解扩散法 Sodium hydroxide alkaline diffusion method
土壤速效磷含量 Soil available phosphorus content	碳酸氢钠浸提-钼锑抗比色法 Sodium bicarbonate extraction-molybdenum antimony colorimetric method
土壤速效钾含量 Soil available potassium content	醋酸铵浸提-火焰光度法 Ammonium acetate extraction-flame photometric method
土壤密度 Soil density	环刀法 Ring knife method
土壤含水量 Soil water content	烘干称质量法 Drying and weighing method
土壤pH Soil pH	电位法(水土质量比5:1) Potentiometric method (water-soil mass ratio 5:1)

功能群 Functional group	物种 Species	重要值 Important values
功能群 Functional group	物种 Species	CK	LG	HG
多年生禾草 Perennial grasses	羊茅 Festuca ovina	0.058 ± 0.003^a	0.033 ± 0.004^a	0.062 ± 0.002^a
	草地早熟禾 Poa pratensis	0.171 ± 0.017^a	0.147 ± 0.019^ab	0.094 ± 0.021^b
	针茅 Stipa capillata	0.105 ± 0.012^a	0.118 ± 0.010^a	0.066 ± 0.009^a
	无芒雀麦 Bromus inermis	0.044 ± 0.009^a	0.061 ± 0.008^a	0.032 ± 0.005^a
豆科 Legumes	紫花苜蓿 Medicago sativa	0.097 ± 0.011^a	0.070 ± 0.007^a	0.042 ± 0.007^a
	黄花苜蓿 Medicago falcata	0.068 ± 0.007^a	0.088 ± 0.009^a	0.011 ± 0.003^a
	红豆草 Onobrychis viciaefolia	0.057 ± 0.006^a	0.042 ± 0.004^a	0.029 ± 0.004^a
	白三叶草 Trifolium repens	0.052 ± 0.002^a	0.074 ± 0.006^a	0.054 ± 0.003^a
	蒙古黄耆 Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus	0.062 ± 0.008^a	0.081 ± 0.009^a	0.048 ± 0.005^a
莎草 Sedges	细果薹草 Carex stenocarpa	0.202 ± 0.013^a	0.134 ± 0.011^ab	0.083 ± 0.009^b
毒害草 Poisonous grasses	醉马草 Achnatherum inebrians	0.094 ± 0.008^b	0.071 ± 0.008^b	0.311 ± 0.017^a
	天山橐吾 Ligularia tianschanica	0.012 ± 0.002^a	0.032 ± 0.005^a	0.069 ± 0.006^a
	蓝刺头 Echinops sphaerocephalus	0.013 ± 0.002^a	0.018 ± 0.002^a	0.033 ± 0.004^a
杂类草 Forbs	蓍 Achillea millefolium	0.110 ± 0.009^a	0.041 ± 0.006^a	0.092 ± 0.007^a
	草原糙苏 Phlomis pratensis	0.094 ± 0.011^a	0.064 ± 0.008^a	0.022 ± 0.003^a
	平车前 Plantago depressa	0.053 ± 0.007^a	0.021 ± 0.004^a	-
	大萼委陵菜 Potentilla conferta	0.174 ± 0.014^a	0.047 ± 0.007^b	0.053 ± 0.005^b
	大籽蒿 Artemisia sieversiana	0.082 ± 0.004^a	0.068 ± 0.008^a	0.074 ± 0.009^a
	点地梅 Androsace umbellata	0.024 ± 0.005^a	0.034 ± 0.006^a	0.046 ± 0.007^a
	二裂委陵菜 Potentilla bifurca	0.114 ± 0.009^a	0.102 ± 0.008^a	0.070 ± 0.008^a
	山野火绒草 Leontopodium campestre	0.043 ± 0.008^a	0.091 ± 0.004^a	0.030 ± 0.007^a
	拉拉藤 Galium aparine	0.071 ± 0.009^a	0.132 ± 0.012^a	0.068 ± 0.003^a
	草地老鹳草 Geranium pratense	0.069 ± 0.008^a	0.073 ± 0.009^a	0.051 ± 0.005^a
	阿尔泰狗娃花 Aster altaicus	0.015 ± 0.002^a	0.025 ± 0.004^a	0.013 ± 0.002^a
	唐松草 Thalictrum aquilegifolium	0.027 ± 0.004^a	0.026 ± 0.005^a	0.018 ± 0.003^a
	田旋花 Convolvulus arvensis	0.065 ± 0.007^a	0.055 ± 0.008^a	0.034 ± 0.005^a
	细裂叶莲蒿 Artemisia gmelinii	-	-	0.045 ± 0.007
	葶苈 Draba nemorosa	-	0.027 ± 0.005^a	0.039 ± 0.007^a
	勿忘草 Myosotis silvatica	0.072 ± 0.008^a	0.067 ± 0.009^a	0.041 ± 0.008^a
	鹤虱 Lappula myosotis	0.028 ± 0.004^a	0.043 ± 0.004^a	0.009 ± 0.001^a
	毛茛 Ranunculus japonicus	-	-	0.037 ± 0.006
	天山羽衣草 Alchemilla tianschanica	0.035 ± 0.007^b	0.089 ± 0.012^a	0.132 ± 0.011^a
	金莲花 Trollius chinensis	0.007 ± 0.001^a	0.008 ± 0.002^a	0.015 ± 0.002^a
	新疆风铃草 Campanula albertii	-	0.005 ± 0.001^a	0.057 ± 0.008^a
	伊犁绢蒿 Seriphidium transiliense	0.032 ± 0.006^a	0.041 ± 0.007^a	0.025 ± 0.004^a
	蒲公英 Taraxacum mongolicum	-	0.024 ± 0.005	-
	藜 Chenopodium album	-	0.008 ± 0.002^a	0.023 ± 0.005^a
	萹蓄 Polygonum aviculare	-	0.014 ± 0.003	-
	圆叶锦葵 Malva pusilla	0.009 ± 0.003	-	-