Diversity and distribution of vascular epiphytes in the tropical natural coniferous forest of Hainan Island, China

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.11.005

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims As one of the most distinctive components of tropical forests, vascular epiphytes play vital roles in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The diversity and distribution of vascular epiphytes in tropical natural coniferous forest are reported systematically for the first time in this study. Our objective was to explore species richness, abundance, distribution patterns, and relationship between vascular epiphytes and host trees in the only Pinus latteri natural forest with large area in China.
Methods Twelve plots of 10 m × 50 m were established in the tropical natural coniferous forest in Bawangling National Nature Reserve, Hainan Island, China. We recorded species, individuals and height of attachment of vascular epiphytes on each tree ≥ 5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH). Based on two datasets (individuals in each subplot of 10 m × 10 m and on each host tree), the horizontal distribution pattern of vascular epiphytes was analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Variance-to-mean Ratio. Based on species and individuals at 5 m intervals from the forest bottom to the top, the vertical structure of vascular epiphyte assemblages was analyzed. The relationship between vascular epiphytes and host tree size was assessed using Spearman correlation.
Important findings We recorded 769 individual vascular epiphytes belonging to 27 species, 17 genera and 7 families in the total sample 0.6 hm ². The Orchidaceae and Asclepiadaceae were dominant. The vascular epiphytes were clumped horizontally. Vertically, 49.3% were at intermediate heights (10-20 m) and 19.0% at 0-5 m, but only 7.2% were at >25 m. Most vascular epiphytes showed no preference for host trees, but a few species, e.g., Phlegmariurus fordii, Eria rosea, Dischidia chinensis and Hoya pottsii had higher occurrence rates on the host tree of Pinus latteri. Vascular epiphyte abundance and species richness were both significantly positively correlated with host tree size.

Key words: distribution, diversity, epiphyte, Hainan Island, Pinus latteri natural forest, tropical coniferous forest

LIU Guang-Fu, DING Yi, ZANG Run-Guo, XU Yang-Yu, LIN Chong, LI Xiao-Cheng. Diversity and distribution of vascular epiphytes in the tropical natural coniferous forest of Hainan Island, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2010, 34(11): 1283-1293.

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Figures/Tables 5

References 68

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宿主树种 Host tree species	株数 Individuals	胸径 DBH (cm)		树高 Tree height (m)		枝下高 Trunk height (m)
宿主树种 Host tree species	株数 Individuals	范围 Range	平均值 Mean	范围 Range	平均值 Mean	范围 Range	平均值 Mean
南亚松 Pinus latteri	54	8.6-125.0	64.9	14.0-40.0	27.2	1.5-28.0	13.5
旱毛栎 Quercus vestita	10	10.3-15.8	13.0	5.0-12.0	7.3	1.7-9.0	4.0
黄杞 Engelhardtia roxburghiana	6	9.8-21.0	15.9	1.7-15.0	8.4	2.2-12.0	5.7
麻栎 Quercus acutissima	4	25.0-44.0	34.8	13.0-20.0	15.2	2.0-6.0	3.8
岭南山竹子 Garcinia oblongifolia	2	10.0-24.0	17.0	12.0-15.0	13.5	5.5-6.0	5.8
青梅 Vatica mangachapoi	2	10.0-36.0	23.0	5.0-18.0	11.5	2.5-13.0	7.8
其他14种 Other 14 species	14	3.0-32.0	16.4	3.0-12.0	8.6	1.4-8.0	3.7

宿主树种 Host tree species	株数 Individuals	胸径 DBH (cm)		树高 Tree height (m)		枝下高 Trunk height (m)
宿主树种 Host tree species	株数 Individuals	范围 Range	平均值 Mean	范围 Range	平均值 Mean	范围 Range	平均值 Mean
南亚松 Pinus latteri	54	8.6-125.0	64.9	14.0-40.0	27.2	1.5-28.0	13.5
旱毛栎 Quercus vestita	10	10.3-15.8	13.0	5.0-12.0	7.3	1.7-9.0	4.0
黄杞 Engelhardtia roxburghiana	6	9.8-21.0	15.9	1.7-15.0	8.4	2.2-12.0	5.7
麻栎 Quercus acutissima	4	25.0-44.0	34.8	13.0-20.0	15.2	2.0-6.0	3.8
岭南山竹子 Garcinia oblongifolia	2	10.0-24.0	17.0	12.0-15.0	13.5	5.5-6.0	5.8
青梅 Vatica mangachapoi	2	10.0-36.0	23.0	5.0-18.0	11.5	2.5-13.0	7.8
其他14种 Other 14 species	14	3.0-32.0	16.4	3.0-12.0	8.6	1.4-8.0	3.7

种类 Species	科名 Family	调查木上出现频率 F₁ (%)	总宿主上出现频率 F₂ (%)	多度 Abundance	宿主株数 No. of host tree	宿主种数 No. of host tree species	附生类型Epiphyte type
附生种子植物 Epiphytic spermatophytes
眼树莲 Dischidia chinensis	萝摩科 (Asc)	6.63	52.75	232	48	8	FE
铁草鞋 Hoya pottsii	萝摩科 (Asc)	2.07	16.48	93	15	2	FE
纯色万代兰 Vanda subconcolor	兰科 (Or)	1.93	15.38	46	14	8	OB
藓叶卷瓣兰 Bulbophyllum retusiusculum	兰科 (Or)	1.93	15.38	57	14	1	FE
长苞毛兰 Eria obvia	兰科 (Or)	1.66	13.19	51	12	2	FE
海南石斛 Dendrobium hainanense	兰科 (Or)	1.24	9.89	71	9	3	OB
玫瑰毛兰 Eria rosea	兰科 (Or)	0.97	7.69	37	7	1	FE
指叶毛兰 Eria pannea	兰科 (Or)	0.97	7.69	56	7	1	OB
蜈蚣藤 Pothos repens	天南星科 (Ar)	0.69	5.49	10	5	5	HE
狭叶铁草鞋 Hoya pottsii var. angustifolia	萝摩科 (Asc)	0.55	4.40	18	4	1	FE
钗子股 Luisia morsei	兰科 (Or)	0.41	3.30	8	3	2	OB
黑毛石斛 Dendrobium willianmsonii	兰科 (Or)	0.41	3.30	3	3	1	OB
冬凤兰 Cymbidium dayanum	兰科 (Or)	0.28	2.20	2	2	2	FE
昌江石斛 Dendrobium changjiangense	兰科 (Or)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	FE
红花隔距兰 Cleisostoma williamosonii	兰科 (Or)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	FE
华石斛 Dendrobium sinense	兰科 (Or)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	OB
火焰兰 Renanthera coccinea	兰科 (Or)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	HE
剑叶石斛 Dendrobium acinaciforme	兰科 (Or)	0.14	1.10	2	1	1	FE
金塔隔距兰 Cleisostoma filiforme	兰科 (Or)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	OB
密花石斛 Dendrobium densiflorum	兰科 (Or)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	FE
密脉崖角藤 Rhaphidophora hongkongensis	天南星科 (Ar)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	HE
附生蕨类植物 Epiphytic ferns
抱树莲 Drymoglossum piloselloides	水龙骨科 (Po)	2.76	21.98	41	20	12	FE
华南马尾杉 Phlegmariurus fordii	石杉科 (Hu)	1.10	8.79	18	8	1	FE
崖姜 Pseudodrynaria coronans	槲蕨科 (Dr)	0.55	4.40	7	4	4	FE
石韦 Pyrrosia lingua	水龙骨科 (Po)	0.55	4.40	8	4	3	FE
鸟巢蕨 Neottopteris nidus	铁角蕨科 (Asp)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	FE
龙骨马尾杉 Phlegmariurus carinatus	石杉科 (Hu)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	OB
总计 Total	7			769	92	20	3

种类 Species	科名 Family	调查木上出现频率 F₁ (%)	总宿主上出现频率 F₂ (%)	多度 Abundance	宿主株数 No. of host tree	宿主种数 No. of host tree species	附生类型Epiphyte type
附生种子植物 Epiphytic spermatophytes
眼树莲 Dischidia chinensis	萝摩科 (Asc)	6.63	52.75	232	48	8	FE
铁草鞋 Hoya pottsii	萝摩科 (Asc)	2.07	16.48	93	15	2	FE
纯色万代兰 Vanda subconcolor	兰科 (Or)	1.93	15.38	46	14	8	OB
藓叶卷瓣兰 Bulbophyllum retusiusculum	兰科 (Or)	1.93	15.38	57	14	1	FE
长苞毛兰 Eria obvia	兰科 (Or)	1.66	13.19	51	12	2	FE
海南石斛 Dendrobium hainanense	兰科 (Or)	1.24	9.89	71	9	3	OB
玫瑰毛兰 Eria rosea	兰科 (Or)	0.97	7.69	37	7	1	FE
指叶毛兰 Eria pannea	兰科 (Or)	0.97	7.69	56	7	1	OB
蜈蚣藤 Pothos repens	天南星科 (Ar)	0.69	5.49	10	5	5	HE
狭叶铁草鞋 Hoya pottsii var. angustifolia	萝摩科 (Asc)	0.55	4.40	18	4	1	FE
钗子股 Luisia morsei	兰科 (Or)	0.41	3.30	8	3	2	OB
黑毛石斛 Dendrobium willianmsonii	兰科 (Or)	0.41	3.30	3	3	1	OB
冬凤兰 Cymbidium dayanum	兰科 (Or)	0.28	2.20	2	2	2	FE
昌江石斛 Dendrobium changjiangense	兰科 (Or)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	FE
红花隔距兰 Cleisostoma williamosonii	兰科 (Or)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	FE
华石斛 Dendrobium sinense	兰科 (Or)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	OB
火焰兰 Renanthera coccinea	兰科 (Or)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	HE
剑叶石斛 Dendrobium acinaciforme	兰科 (Or)	0.14	1.10	2	1	1	FE
金塔隔距兰 Cleisostoma filiforme	兰科 (Or)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	OB
密花石斛 Dendrobium densiflorum	兰科 (Or)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	FE
密脉崖角藤 Rhaphidophora hongkongensis	天南星科 (Ar)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	HE
附生蕨类植物 Epiphytic ferns
抱树莲 Drymoglossum piloselloides	水龙骨科 (Po)	2.76	21.98	41	20	12	FE
华南马尾杉 Phlegmariurus fordii	石杉科 (Hu)	1.10	8.79	18	8	1	FE
崖姜 Pseudodrynaria coronans	槲蕨科 (Dr)	0.55	4.40	7	4	4	FE
石韦 Pyrrosia lingua	水龙骨科 (Po)	0.55	4.40	8	4	3	FE
鸟巢蕨 Neottopteris nidus	铁角蕨科 (Asp)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	FE
龙骨马尾杉 Phlegmariurus carinatus	石杉科 (Hu)	0.14	1.10	1	1	1	OB
总计 Total	7			769	92	20	3