土壤水热条件对东北森林土壤表面CO2通量的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2006.0038

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

东北地区森林生态系统因其面积大,碳贮量高而在本地区和我国碳平衡中占有重要的地位。土壤表面CO₂通量(R_S)作为陆地生态系统向大气圈释放的主要CO₂源,其时空变化直接影响到区域碳循环。该研究采用红外气体分析法比较测定我国东北东部次生林区6个典型的森林生态系统的R_S及其相关的土壤水热因子,并深入分析土壤水热因子对R_S的影响。研究结果表明:影响R_S的主要环境因子是土壤温度、土壤含水量及其交互作用,但其影响程度因生态系统类型和土壤深度而异。包括这些环境因子的综合R_S模型解释了67.5%~90.6%的R_S变异。在整个生长季中,不同生态系统类型的土壤温度差异不显著,而土壤湿度的差异显著(α = 0.05)。蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)林、红松(Pinus koraiensis)林、落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林、硬阔叶林、杂木林和杨桦(Populus davidiana_Betula platyphylla)林的R_S变化范围依次为:1.89~5.23 μmol CO ₂·m^-2·s^-1,1.09~4.66 μmol CO ₂·m^-2·s^-1,0.95~3.52 μmol CO ₂·m^-2·s^-1,1.13~5.97 μmol CO ₂·m^-2·s^-1,1.05~6.58 μmol CO ₂·m^-2·s^-1和1.11~5.76 μmol CO ₂·m^-2·s^-1。R_S的季节动态主要受土壤水热条件的驱动而呈现单峰曲线,其变化趋势大致与土壤温度的变化相吻合。Q₁₀从小到大依次为:蒙古栎林2.32,落叶松林2.57,红松林2.76,硬阔叶林2.94,杨桦林3.54和杂木林3.55。Q₁₀随土壤湿度的升高而增大;但超过一定的阈值后,土壤湿度对Q₁₀起抑制作用。该研究结果强调对该地区生态系统土壤表面CO₂通量的估测应同时考虑土壤水热条件的综合效应。

关键词: 土壤表面CO₂通量, 土壤呼吸, 温带森林, 土壤温度, 土壤湿度, Q₁₀

Abstract:

Forest ecosystems in northeastern China play an important role in both local and national carbon budgets because of their large area extent and huge amount of carbon storage. The spatial and temporal changes in soil surface CO₂ flux (R_S), the major CO₂ source to the atmosphere from terrestrial ecosystems, directly influence the local and regional carbon budgets. However, few data on R_S were available for this region. In this study, we used an infrared gas exchange analyzer (LI_COR 6400) to measure the R_S and related biophysical factors, and examined soil temperature and moisture effects on soil respiration for six secondary temperate forest ecosystem types: Mongolian oak (dominated by Quercus mongolica), poplar_birch (dominated by Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla), mixed_wood (no dominant tree species), hard_wood forests (dominated by Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica and Phellodendron amurense), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) plantations. Our specific objectives were to: 1) compare the soil temperature, soil moisture, R_S, and Q₁₀ (temperature coefficient) of the six forest types; 2) quantify the seasonality of R_S and related environmental factors; and 3) determine the environmental factors affecting the R_S, and construct models of R_S against the related environmental factors.

Soil temperature, soil moisture and their interactions significantly (p < 0.01) influenced the R_S, but their effects depended on forest type and soil depth. These factors could explain 67.5%-90.6% of the variations in the R_S data. During the growing season, the soil temperature at 10 cm depth in the different forest types did not differ significantly but soil moisture did. The R_S for the oak, pine, larch, hardwood, mixed_wood, and poplar_birch stands varied from 1.89-5.23, 1.09-4.66, 0.95-3.52, 1.13-5.97, 1.05-6.58, and 1.11-5.76 μmol CO ₂·m^-2·s^-1, respectively; the Q₁₀ values for those stands were 2.32, 2.76, 2.57, 2.94, 3.55 and 3.54, correspondingly. The seasonality of R_S was driven mainly by soil temperature and moisture, and was roughly consistent with that of soil temperature. The broad_leaved forests had a higher soil respiration rate than those of coniferous forests probably because of a more suitable soil thermal and moisture regimes and other biological factors.

The temperature sensitivity coefficient of soil respiration (Q₁₀) showed a convex_type curve along a soil moisture gradient. The Q₁₀ tended to increase when soil moisture increased from 30.19 to 40.7, and then declined probably because the extremely high soil moisture content in the hardwood forest may impede activities of soil microbes and plant roots, and thus decrease decomposition rates and soil CO₂ emission. Our study strongly recommended that estimation of soil surface CO₂ flux from forest ecosystems should consider the comprehensive effects of both soil temperature and moisture on soil respiration so as to reduce uncertainties of ecosystem carbon budget studies in this region.

Key words: Soil surface CO₂ flux, Soil respiration, Temperate forest, Soil temperature, Soil moisture, Q₁₀

杨金艳, 王传宽. 土壤水热条件对东北森林土壤表面CO₂通量的影响. 植物生态学报, 2006, 30(2): 286-294. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2006.0038

YANG Jin_Yan, WANG Chuan_Kuan. EFFECTS OF SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON SOIL SURFACE CO<sub>2</sub> FLUX OF FORESTS IN NORTHEASTERN CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(2): 286-294. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2006.0038

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2006/V30/I2/286

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参考文献 30

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生态系统类型 Forest ecosystem	坡度 Slope	坡向 Aspect	植被组成 Vegetation composition
生态系统类型 Forest ecosystem	坡度 Slope	坡向 Aspect	乔木(优势种) Overstory (Dominant species)	下木 Understory
蒙古栎林Quercus mongolica forest	23°	南South	(1)、2、3、4、5、6	7、8、9、10
杨桦林Populus davidiana_Betula platyphylla forest	16°	西南Southwest	(6)、(5)、11、4、3、2	7、8、9、12、10、13、14
硬阔叶林Hard_wood forest	7°	北North	4、3、2、11	7、9、13、15、16、17
杂木林Mixed forest	15°	西南Southwest	2、11、4、3、5、6	7、9、15、13、18、19
落叶松人工林Larix gmelinii plantation	2°	西南Southwest	(20)、3、21	15、22、16、10、9、7、23
红松人工林Pinus koraiensis plantation	12°	西北Northwest	(24)、6、3、25、5、11、6	9、19

生态系统类型 Forest ecosystem	坡度 Slope	坡向 Aspect	植被组成 Vegetation composition
生态系统类型 Forest ecosystem	坡度 Slope	坡向 Aspect	乔木(优势种) Overstory (Dominant species)	下木 Understory
蒙古栎林Quercus mongolica forest	23°	南South	(1)、2、3、4、5、6	7、8、9、10
杨桦林Populus davidiana_Betula platyphylla forest	16°	西南Southwest	(6)、(5)、11、4、3、2	7、8、9、12、10、13、14
硬阔叶林Hard_wood forest	7°	北North	4、3、2、11	7、9、13、15、16、17
杂木林Mixed forest	15°	西南Southwest	2、11、4、3、5、6	7、9、15、13、18、19
落叶松人工林Larix gmelinii plantation	2°	西南Southwest	(20)、3、21	15、22、16、10、9、7、23
红松人工林Pinus koraiensis plantation	12°	西北Northwest	(24)、6、3、25、5、11、6	9、19

生态系统类型 Forest ecosystem	土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	回归方程 Regression model	决定系数 R²	显著水平 p
蒙古栎林 Quercus mongolica forest	10	ln(R_S)=-0.294 5+0.073 4×T₁₀+1.692 4×W₁₀	0.675	<0.001
	2	ln(R_S)=-0.740 1+0.104 5×T₂+1.804 5×W₂-0.067 0×T₂×W₂	0.704	<0.001
杨桦林Populus davidiana_ Betula platyphylla forest	10	ln(R_S)=-1.611+0.195 1×T₁₀+3.190 2×W₁₀-0.188 2×T₁₀×W₁₀	0.906	<0.001
	2	ln(R_S)=-1.068 6+0.147 2×T₂+1.239×W₂-0.063 6×T₂×W₂	0.855	<0.001
硬阔叶林 Hard_wood forest	10	ln(R_S)=-1.161 0+0.175 4×T₁₀+1.956 5×W₁₀-0.1277×T₁₀×W₁₀	0.771	<0.001
	2	ln(R_S)=-0.078 4+0.094 7×T₂	0.751	<0.001
杂木林 Mixed forest	10	ln(R_S)=-1.730 2+0.203 0×T₁₀+3.224 4×W₁₀-0.1737×T₁₀×W₁₀	0.902	<0.001
	2	ln(R_S)=-0.202 6+0.108 8×T₂	0.852	<0.001
红松人工林 Pinus koraiensis plantation	10	ln(R_S)=-1.538 6+0.155 6×T₁₀+3.199 0×W₁₀-0.1304×T₁₀×W₁₀	0.855	<0.001
	2	ln(R_S)=-0.740 1+0.096 0×T₂+0.822 9×W₂	0.780	<0.001
落叶松人工林 Larix gmelinii plantation	10	ln(R_S)=-0.831 9+0.099 1×T₁₀+0.926 0×W₁₀	0.846	<0.001
	2	ln(R_S)=-0.573 4+0.093 7×T₂	0.809	<0.001

生态系统类型 Forest ecosystem	土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	回归方程 Regression model	决定系数 R²	显著水平 p
蒙古栎林 Quercus mongolica forest	10	ln(R_S)=-0.294 5+0.073 4×T₁₀+1.692 4×W₁₀	0.675	<0.001
	2	ln(R_S)=-0.740 1+0.104 5×T₂+1.804 5×W₂-0.067 0×T₂×W₂	0.704	<0.001
杨桦林Populus davidiana_ Betula platyphylla forest	10	ln(R_S)=-1.611+0.195 1×T₁₀+3.190 2×W₁₀-0.188 2×T₁₀×W₁₀	0.906	<0.001
	2	ln(R_S)=-1.068 6+0.147 2×T₂+1.239×W₂-0.063 6×T₂×W₂	0.855	<0.001
硬阔叶林 Hard_wood forest	10	ln(R_S)=-1.161 0+0.175 4×T₁₀+1.956 5×W₁₀-0.1277×T₁₀×W₁₀	0.771	<0.001
	2	ln(R_S)=-0.078 4+0.094 7×T₂	0.751	<0.001
杂木林 Mixed forest	10	ln(R_S)=-1.730 2+0.203 0×T₁₀+3.224 4×W₁₀-0.1737×T₁₀×W₁₀	0.902	<0.001
	2	ln(R_S)=-0.202 6+0.108 8×T₂	0.852	<0.001
红松人工林 Pinus koraiensis plantation	10	ln(R_S)=-1.538 6+0.155 6×T₁₀+3.199 0×W₁₀-0.1304×T₁₀×W₁₀	0.855	<0.001
	2	ln(R_S)=-0.740 1+0.096 0×T₂+0.822 9×W₂	0.780	<0.001
落叶松人工林 Larix gmelinii plantation	10	ln(R_S)=-0.831 9+0.099 1×T₁₀+0.926 0×W₁₀	0.846	<0.001
	2	ln(R_S)=-0.573 4+0.093 7×T₂	0.809	<0.001

生态系统类型 Forest ecosystems	土壤呼吸速率 R_S (μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)		土壤温度 Soil temperature (℃)		土壤湿度 Soil moisture (%)
生态系统类型 Forest ecosystems	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	均值 Mean	标准差 SD
杂木林Mixed forest	3.94^A	1.86	12.95^A	4.24	40.70^B	4.83
蒙古栎林Quercus mongolica forest	3.79^ABC	1.07	13.81^A	3.95	30.19^F	7.05
杨桦林Populus davidiana- Betula platyphylla forest	3.70^B	1.65	13.08^A	4.40	37.44^D	5.18
硬阔叶林 Hard_wood forest	3.61^C	1.56	13.17^A	3.91	53.42^A	4.43
红松人工林 Pinus koraiensis plantation	3.05^D	1.16	12.06^A	4.28	38.60^C	6.91
落叶松人工林 Larix gmelinii plantation	2.35^E	0.85	11.14^A	4.55	32.02^E	6.67

土壤水热条件对东北森林土壤表面CO₂通量的影响

EFFECTS OF SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON SOIL SURFACE CO<sub>2</sub> FLUX OF FORESTS IN NORTHEASTERN CHINA

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