青藏高原东缘窄叶鲜卑花灌丛生长季土壤无机氮对增温和植物去除的响应

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2017.0086

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了揭示气候变暖背景下高寒灌丛土壤氮转化过程, 该文研究了青藏高原东缘窄叶鲜卑花(Sibiraea angustata)灌丛生长季节土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量对增温和去除植物的响应。结果表明: 窄叶鲜卑花灌丛土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量具有明显的季节动态。整个生长季节, 土壤硝态氮含量呈先增加后降低的趋势, 而铵态氮含量均表现为一直增加的趋势。在生长季初期和中期, 各处理土壤硝态氮含量均显著高于铵态氮含量, 而在生长季末期土壤硝态氮含量均显著低于铵态氮含量, 说明该区域土壤氮转化过程在生长季初期和中期以硝化作用为主, 而在生长季末期以氨化作用为主。不同时期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量对增温和去除植物的响应不同: 增温对硝态氮的影响主要发生在生长季中期和末期, 且因植物处理的不同而有显著差异, 增温仅在生长季中期使不去除植物样方铵态氮含量显著升高。去除植物对土壤硝态氮的影响仅表现在对照样方(不增温), 去除植物显著提高了生长季初期和中期土壤硝态氮含量, 显著降低了生长季末期土壤硝态氮含量; 同时去除植物显著降低了增温样方生长季中期土壤铵态氮含量。灌丛植被在生长季初期和中期可能主要吸收土壤硝态氮, 其吸收过程不受土壤增温的影响。

关键词: 高寒灌丛, 增温, 植物去除, 土壤氮转化, 硝态氮, 铵态氮

Abstract:

Aims Little information has been available on the soil nitrogen transformation process of alpine scrubland under global warming and changing climate. This study aimed at clarifying seasonal dynamics of the soil nitrate and ammonium contents and their responses to increased temperature under different plant treatments.

Methods We conducted a field experiment including two plant treatments (removal- or unremoval-plant) subjected to two temperature conditions (increased temperature or control) in Sibiraea angustata scrub ecosystem on the eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The contents of soil nitrate and ammonium were measured at the early, middle and late growing seasons.

Important findings The results showed that soil nitrate and ammonium contents exhibited obvious seasonal dynamics. Throughout the entire growing season, the soil nitrate contents increased firstly and then decreased, while the soil ammonium contents increased continually. Particularly, in the early and middle growing season, the soil nitrate contents were significantly higher than those of ammonium, regardless of increased temperature and plant treatments; however, in the late growing season, the soil nitrate contents were significantly lower than those of ammonium. These results implied that soil nitrification was the major process of soil nitrogen transformation in the early and middle growing season; soil ammonification contributed mostly to soil nitrogen transformation in the late growing season. Furthermore, different responses of soil nitrate and ammonium contents to increased temperature and plant removal treatments were observed at the different stages in the growing season. The effects of increased temperature on soil nitrate contents mainly occurred in the middle and late growing season, but the effects varied with plant treatments. Increased temperature only significantly increased soil ammonium contents in the unremoval-plant plots during the middle growing season. The effects of plant treatments on soil nitrate contents only occurred in the control plots (controlled temperature). Plant removal only increased soil nitrate contents in the early and middle growing season, but significantly decreased soil nitrate contents in the late growing season. Plant removal significantly decreased soil ammonium contents in the increased temperature plots during the middle growing season. Probably, in the early and middle growing season, scrub vegetation mainly absorbed soil nitrate and the absorption process was not affected by increased temperature. These results would increase our understanding of the soil nitrogen cycling process in these alpine scrub ecosystems under global warming and changing climate.

Key words: alpine scrub, warming, plant removal, soil nitrogen transformation, nitrate, ammonium

马志良, 赵文强, 赵春章, 刘美, 朱攀, 刘庆. 青藏高原东缘窄叶鲜卑花灌丛生长季土壤无机氮对增温和植物去除的响应. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(1): 86-94. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0086

MA Zhi-Liang, ZHAO Wen-Qiang, ZHAO Chun-Zhang, LIU Mei, ZHU Pan, LIU Qing. Responses of soil inorganic nitrogen to increased temperature and plant removal during the growing season in a Sibiraea angustata scrub ecosystem of eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2018, 42(1): 86-94. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0086

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2017.0086

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2018/V42/I1/86

图/表 6

图1 试验期间各处理下5 cm土层土壤日平均温度、70 cm空气日平均温度和5 cm土层土壤含水量(平均值±标准偏差)的季节动态。P0W0、P0W1、P1W0、P1W1分别指不同处理方式: 去除植物+不增温、去除植物+增温、不去除植物+不增温、不去除植物+增温。

Fig. 1 Seasonal transitions of daily mean soil temperature at 5 cm below the soil surface, daily mean air temperature at 70 cm high and soil volumetric moisture at 5 cm below the soil surface under different treatments (mean ± SD) during the experiment period. P0W0, P0W1, P1W0, P1W1 are refer to the different treatments, indicated removal-plant + controlled temperature, removal-plant + increased temperature, unremoval-plant + controlled temperature, unremoval-plant + increased temperature, respectively.

图2 不同处理下土壤硝态氮含量的季节动态(平均值±标准偏差)。P0W0、P0W1、P1W0、P1W1分别指不同处理方式: 去除植物+不增温、去除植物+增温、不去除植物+不增温、不去除植物+增温。不同小写字母表示同一采样时期不同处理之间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Seasonal dynamics of the soil nitrate contents under different treatments (mean ± SD). P0W0, P0W1, P1W0, P1W1 are refer to the different treatments, indicated removal-plant + controlled temperature, removal-plant + increased temperature, unremoval-plant + controlled temperature, unremoval-plant + increased temperature, respectively. Differences lowercase letters indicated significant differences between different treatments at the same sampling dates (p < 0.05).

表1 增温(W)、植物处理方式(P)以及取样时间(D)对土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和硝态氮/铵态氮的重复测量方差分析

Table 1 Results of the repeated measures ANOVA showing the p values for the responses of the soil nitrate and ammonium contents and nitrate/ammonium to increased temperature (W), plant treatments (P), and sampling dates (D)

因子 Factor	D	D × P	D × W	D × P × W	P	W	P × W
硝态氮 Nitrate	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.002	0.002	0.001	0.086
铵态氮 Ammonium	<0.001	0.949	0.232	0.368	0.051	0.496	0.516
硝态氮/铵态氮 Nitrate/ammonium	<0.001	<0.001	0.015	0.025	<0.001	0.001	0.046

图3 不同处理下土壤铵态氮含量的季节动态(平均值±标准偏差)。P0W0、P0W1、P1W0、P1W1分别指不同处理方式: 去除植物+不增温、去除植物+增温、不去除植物+不增温、不去除植物+增温。不同小写字母表示同一采样时期不同处理之间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Seasonal dynamics of the soil ammonium contents under different treatments (mean ± SD). P0W0, P0W1, P1W0, P1W1 are refer to the different treatments, indicated removal- plant + controlled temperature, removal-plant + increased temperature, unremoval-plant + controlled temperature, unremoval- plant + increased temperature, respectively. Differences lowercase letters indicated significant differences between different treatments at the same sampling dates (p < 0.05).

表2 土壤水分、温度与土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量的相关性

Table 2 Correlation between soil moisture and temperature, nitrate and ammonium

指标 Index	温度 Temperature	水分 Moisture	硝态氮 Nitrate	铵态氮 Ammonium	硝态氮/铵态氮 Nitrate/ammonium
温度 Temperature	1
水分 Moisture	-0.527^**	1
硝态氮 Nitrate	0.457^**	-0.159	1
铵态氮 Ammonium	0.047	0.294^*	-0.404^**	1
硝态氮/铵态氮Nitrate/ammonium	0.232	-0.228	0.829^**	-0.813^**	1

图4 不同处理下土壤硝态氮/铵态氮的季节动态(平均值±标准偏差)。P0W0、P0W1、P1W0、P1W1分别指不同处理方式: 去除植物+不增温、去除植物+增温、不去除植物+不增温、不去除植物+增温。不同小写字母表示同一采样时期不同处理之间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Seasonal dynamics of soil nitrate/ammonium under different treatments (mean ± SD). P0W0, P0W1, P1W0, P1W1 are refer to the different treatments, indicated removal-plant + controlled temperature, removal-plant + increased temperature, unremoval-plant + controlled temperature, unremoval-plant + increased temperature, respectively. Differences lowercase letters indicated significant differences between different treatments at the same sampling dates (p < 0.05).

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