土壤含水量调控高寒草原生态系统N2O排放对增温的响应

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2017.0164

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放是大气N₂O不可忽视的来源。然而, 目前学术界在气候变暖对土壤N₂O排放影响方面的认识仍存在较大争议, 且调控土壤N₂O排放的微生物机制尚不明确。为此, 该研究以青藏高原高寒草原生态系统为研究对象, 使用透明开顶箱(OTCs)模拟气候变暖, 并基于静态箱法测定了2014和2015年生长季(5-10月)的土壤N₂O通量, 同时利用定量PCR技术测定了表层(0-10 cm)土壤中氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)的基因丰度。结果显示: 增温处理导致2014和2015年生长季表层(0-10 cm)土壤温度分别升高了1.7 ℃和1.6 ℃, 土壤体积含水量下降了2.5%和3.3%, 其他的土壤理化性质没有发生显著变化。土壤N₂O通量呈现年际差异, 2014和2015年生长季的平均值分别为3.23和1.47 μg·m ^-2·h ^-1, 然而, 增温处理并没有显著改变土壤N₂O通量。2014年生长季主导硝化作用的AOA和AOB的基因丰度分别为5.0 × 10 ⁷和4.7 × 10 ⁵拷贝·g ^-1, 2015年为15.2 × 10 ⁷和10.0 × 10 ⁵拷贝·g ^-1。尽管基因丰度存在显著的年际差异, 但在两年中与对照相比并未发生显著变化。在生长季尺度上, 增温导致的土壤N₂O变化量与其引起的土壤水分变化量之间显著正相关, 而与土壤温度的变化量之间没有显著相关关系。以上结果表明, 增温导致的土壤干旱会抑制土壤N₂O通量对增温的响应, 意味着未来评估气候变暖情景下土壤N₂O排放量时需考虑增温引发的土壤干旱等间接效应。

关键词: 气候变暖, 氧化亚氮, 氨氧化古菌, 氨氧化细菌, 青藏高原

Abstract:

Aims Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is one of the most important greenhouse gases, which contributes a lot to global warming. However, considerable variations are observed in the responses of soil N₂O emissions to experimental warming, and the underlying microbial processes remain unknown.

Methods A warming experiment based on open-top chambers (OTCs) was set up in a typical alpine steppe on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The static chamber combined gas chromatography method was applied to investigate soil N₂O flux under control and warming treatments during the growing seasons in 2014 and 2015. Gene abundances of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR.

Important findings Our results showed that the warming treatments increased soil temperature by 1.7 and 1.6 °C and decreased volumetric water content by 2.5% and 3.3% respectively during the growing season (May to October) in 2014 and 2015. However, there were no significant differences in other soil properties. Our results also revealed that, the magnitude of soil N₂O emissions exhibited substantial variations between the two experimental years, which were 3.23 and 1.47 μg·m ^-2·h ^-1in 2014 and 2015, respectively, but no significant difference in N₂O fluxes was observed between control and warming treatments. AOA and AOB abundances are 15.2 × 10 ⁷and 10.0 × 10 ⁵copies·g ^-1 in 2014, and 5.0 × 10 ⁷and 4.7 × 10 ⁵copies·g ^-1in 2015, with no significant differences between control and warming treatments during the experimental period. Furthermore, warming-induced changes in N₂O emissions had no significant relationship with the changes in soil temperature, but showed a significant positive correlation with the changes in soil moisture at seasonal scale. Overall, these results demonstrate that soil moisture regulates the responses of N₂O emissions to experimental warming, highlighting the necessity to consider the warming-induced drying effect when estimating the magnitude of N₂O emissions under future climate warming.

Key words: climate warming, nitrous oxide, ammonia-oxidizing archaea, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, Qinghai-?Xizang Plateau

王冠钦, 李飞, 彭云峰, 陈永亮, 韩天丰, 杨贵彪, 刘莉, 周国英, 杨元合. 土壤含水量调控高寒草原生态系统N₂O排放对增温的响应. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(1): 105-115. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0164

WANG Guan-Qin, LI Fei, PENG Yun-Feng, CHEN Yong-Liang, HAN Tian-Feng, YANG Gui-Biao, LIU Li, ZHOU Guo-Ying, YANG Yuan-He. Responses of soil N₂O emissions to experimental warming regulated by soil moisture in an alpine steppe. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2018, 42(1): 105-115. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0164

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图1 高寒草原样地及增温控制实验平台照片。A, 样地照片。B, 开顶箱增温装置。

Fig. 1 Photos of the study site and warming experiment. A, Photo of the study site. B, Open-top chamber (OTC) warming facility.

图2 实验期间增温对0-10 cm土壤温度(A)和土壤含水率(B)的影响(平均值±标准误差)。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01。

Fig. 2 Warming effects on soil temperature (A) and soil moisture (B) at 0-10 cm depth during 2014-2015 (mean ± SE). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

Table 1 Warming effects on soil physicochemical properties and microbial biomass (mean ± SE)

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	氨态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	土壤无机氮 SIN (mg·kg^-1)	微生物生物量碳 MBC (mg·kg^-1)	微生物生物量氮 MBN (mg·kg^-1)
2014	对照 Control	1.8 ± 0.38	25.0 ± 1.6	26.8 ± 1.7	890.4 ± 23.7	91.6 ± 4.0
	增温 Warming	3.0 ± 0.60^*	23.5 ± 1.3	26.5 ± 1.5	801.9 ± 40.8^*	68.2 ± 5.8^**
2015	对照 Control	2.2 ± 0.25	5.96 ± 0.4	8.20 ± 0.5	732.6 ± 11.3	42.2 ± 1.5
	增温 Warming	3.0 ± 0.19^*	4.04 ± 0.4^**	7.02 ± 0.3^*	720.1 ± 18.6	41.3 ± 2.4

图3 2014(A)和2015(B)年生长季期间对照与增温处理下土壤的N2O通量(平均值±标准误差)。*, p < 0.05。C, 对照; W, 增温。

Fig. 3 N2O fluxes under control and warming treatments during the growing seasons of 2014(A) and 2015 (B), (mean ± SE). *, p < 0.05. C, control; W, warming.

表2 基于重复测量方差分析得到的增温(W)、测定时间(T)及其交互作用(W × T)对土壤N2O通量影响

Table 2 Results of repeated measures ANOVA on the effects of warming (W), measuring date (T), and their interactions (T × W) on soil N2O flux

来源 Source	2014			2015
来源 Source	df	F	p	df	F	p
增温 Warming (W)	1	0.41	0.53	1	0.05	0.83
日期 Date (T)	22	2.16	0.00**	18	2.05	0.00**
T × W	22	0.40	0.99	18	1.32	0.17

图4 2014 (A)和2015 (B)年生长季期间增温对AOA与AOB的amoA基因丰度的影响(平均值±标准误差)。AOA, 氨氧化古菌; AOB, 氨氧化细菌。

Fig. 4 Warming effects on the abundance of AOA-amoA and AOB-amoA during the growing seasons of 2014 (A) and 2015 (B) (mean ± SE). AOA, ammonia-oxidizing archaea; AOB, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria.

图5 增温引起的土壤N2O通量的变化量(增温-对照)与土壤温度的变化量(增温-对照)、土壤水分的变化量(增温-对照)之间的关系。A, 土壤水分与土壤温度。B, N2O与土壤温度。C, N2O与土壤水分。

Fig. 5 Relationships among warming induced changes (warming-control) in soil N2O fluxes, soil temperature and soil moisture. A, soil moisture and temperature; B, N2O and soil temperature; C, N2O and soil moisture.

附件I 2014-2015年间生长季日平均气温(折线图)和日降水量(柱状图)

Appendix I Daily mean air temperature (lines) and daily precipitation (bars) during 2014-2015 at our experiment site

附件II 2014-2015年生长季对照与增温处理下土壤的温度和含水量 A, 2014年土壤温度。B, 2015年土壤温度。C, 2014年土壤含水量。D, 2015年土壤含水量。

Appendix II Soil temperature and moisture in control and warming treatments during the growing seasons A, Soil temperature in 2014. B, Soil temperature in 2015. C, Soil moisture in 2014. D, Soil moisture in 2015.

附件III 增温导致的土壤N2O通量的变化(增温-对照)与土壤因素及功能基因的变化(增温-对照)、微生物属性的变化(增温-对照)之间的关系 A, NH4+ -N。B, NO3--N。C, 微生物量碳。D, 微生物量氮。E, 土壤无机氮含量。F, 氨氧化古菌。G, 氨氧化细菌。

Appendix III Relationships of changes in soil N2O flux with changes in edaphic variables, microbial properties, AOA and AOB A, NH4+-N. B, NO3--N. C, Microbial biomass carbon (MBC). D, Microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN). E, Soil inorganic carbon (SIN). F, Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). G, Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB).

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土壤含水量调控高寒草原生态系统N₂O排放对增温的响应

Responses of soil N₂O emissions to experimental warming regulated by soil moisture in an alpine steppe

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